Proposed approach to the challenging management of progressive gastroesophageal reflux disease

Table 2 Hallmarks of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with and without carditis on biopsies of the gastroesophageal junction

	Findings on multiple biopsies of the GEJ
	No carditis (n = 9)	Carditis (n = 237)	P
% time pH < 4	3.1 ± 4.5	6.1 ± 7.2	0.14
LES pressure (mmHg)	10.6 ± 12.4	7.8 ± 8.2	0.03
LES abdominal length (mm)	1.4 ± 0.4	1.0 ± 1.2	0
LES overall length (mm)	3.3 ± 0.7	2.2 ± 1.6	0.02
% defective LES	11.1	63.7	< 0.01

Values are medians ± interquartile range unless otherwise stated. Data are from Oberg et al[27]. GEJ: Gastroesophageal junction; LES: Lower esophageal sphincter.