Comparison of hand-assisted laparoscopic radical gastrectomy and laparoscopic-assisted radical gastrectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Gastrectomy is the optimal treatment for gastric cancer. Laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy (LAG) has been extensively employed, while hand-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy (HALG), which is similar to LAG, remains controversial. Although HALG is popular in China, some surgeons do not accept it as a minimal-access technique. 

AIM

To assess the safety and practicability of HALG by comparing the short-term outcomes of HALG and LAG.

METHODS

The electronic databases of EMBASE, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Cochrane Library were thoroughly searched, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing HALG and LAG were included. The study results, including surgery time, blood loss, retrieved lymphatic nodes, incision length, time to first flatus, hospitalization duration, and all postsurgical complications, were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

Five RCTs, which included 302 cases with HALG and 298 cases with LAG, were considered eligible for inclusion. Meta-analysis showed that HALG significantly reduced surgery time (P < 0.01), hospital duration (P < 0.01), and overall postsurgical complications (P < 0.01). Additionally, HALG significantly increased the number of retrieved lymphatic nodes (P = 0.01) and incision length (P < 0.01) compared with LAG. The blood loss and time to first flatus were similar between the two groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Compared with LAG, HALG is a simpler and safer technique. Additionally, HALG should be used as a minimal-access technique, especially in technologically undeveloped areas.

Key Words: Gastric cancer, Hand-assisted laparoscopy, Gastrectomy, Laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy, Meta-analysis, Systematic review

Core Tip: No consensus is available in the literature about which technique is more beneficial to the patients between hand-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy (HALG) and laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy (LAG). This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis comparing HALG and LAG. We compared these two techniques in terms of estimated surgery time, blood loss, retrieved lymphatic nodes, incision length, time to first flatus, hospitalization duration, and all postsurgical complications from selected randomized controlled trials. Compared with LAG, HALG is a simpler and safer technique.

INTRODUCTION

Gastric cancer is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates in China[1-3]. Gastrectomy is the optimal treatment for gastric cancer, but the surgical approach has numerous choices such as traditional open gastrectomy, laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy (LAG), totally laparoscopic gastrectomy, robot-assisted gastrectomy, and hand-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy (HALG). Hunter predicted an exciting prospect for hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) in gastrectomy[4]. HALS combines the advantages of laparoscopic surgery and laparotomy; thus, it is popular in China[5,6].

Compared with laparoscopic-assisted or totally laparoscopic surgery, HALS retains the tactile sensation of the surgeon’s hand, which can make the operation faster and safer. Besides, it also has advantages of laparoscopy, such as being minimally invasive and having a zooming surgical field. For young surgeons, it also has the advantage of having a short-learning curve[7]. To date, HALG has formed the unique surgical approach called three-step HALG[8-10], which makes gastrectomy more convenient and simpler.

Recently, the number of studies on HALG is increasing. Although certain studies have compared HALG and LAG[11,12], controversy about its useful meaning still exists. Therefore, the present study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, with an aim to evaluate the safety and practicability of HALG, and compare the short-term outcomes of HALG and LAG.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Search strategy

EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched for primary studies published up to August 2019. The search terms ‘hand-assisted laparoscopic’ and ‘gastrectomy’ and ‘gastric cancer’ were used in English and Chinese. Additionally, the references cited in retrieved articles were reviewed in order to select studies that better suit our criteria. Studies with only abstracts or unpublished reports were not included.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Two authors (Gan W and Liu LY) independently reviewed the search results. Any studies that met the following criteria were considered: (1) All patients were diagnosed with gastric cancer; (2) The study compared HALG and LAG; (3) It was a randomized controlled trial (RCT); and (4) The endpoints included postsurgical complications. If there were two or more articles by the same authors or research institutions, the one with larger sample size was selected.

To limit heterogeneity across the studies, the following exclusion criteria were used: (1) The study included totally laparoscopic or robotic radical gastrectomy; (2) It did not provide sufficient data to calculate the risk ratio (RR) ant its 95% confidence interval (CI) of different procedures for overall postsurgical complications; and (3) The article was an abstract presented at meetings, a case series, a cohort study, a review, or a letter.

Data extraction

Data were extracted independently by two authors, and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. The following details were extracted: Name of the first author, institution, country, study period, publication year, sample size, mean age, gender, tumor stage, surgery time, blood loss, retrieved lymphatic nodes, incision length, time to first flatus, hospitalization duration, and all postsurgical complications.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3 software (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014). For the meta-analysis, the results were presented as RR for dichotomous variables and weighted mean difference (WMD) for continuous variables. If the I² value was ≤ 50%, a fixed effects model was employed, and if the value was > 50%, a random effects model was selected. Two-sided P < 0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. χ² test was used to evaluate statistical heterogeneity, and I² statistic was calculated to evaluate the extent of variability attributable to statistical heterogeneity between trials. To assess the publication bias, a funnel plot was applied.

RESULTS

Selected studies

During the initial search, 126 publications were obtained from electronic databases. A total of 17 articles were reviewed in detail. Two studies derived from the same research institution[13,14]; thus, the biggest sample size study was selected[13]. Finally, five RCT studies were selected for the meta-analysis[13,15-18]. The details of the search strategy are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Flowchart of the search strategy . HALG: Hand-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy.

Study characteristics

The basic characteristics of the included studies are shown in Table 1. Five RCTs were included. A total of 302 patients were included in the HALG group, and 298 patients were included in the LAG group. Five studies were reported from different regions of China.

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies.

Ref.	Year	Nation	Geographical region	Study period	Sample size		Age, mean (yr)		Gender (M/F)		Tumor stage		Types of operation
					HALG	LAG	HALG	LAG	HALG	LAG	HALG	LAG	HALG			LAG
											I/II/III/IV	I/II/III/IV	TG	DG	PG	TG	DG	PG
Gong et al[13]	2014	China	Southwest	2008-2013	120	113	58.94	59.29	75/45	82/31	15/19/46/40	9/15/52/37	46	61	13	31	59	23
Wang[16]	2015	China	North	2010-2013	61	65	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	0	61	0	0	60	0
Yang et al[18]	2016	China	Southwest	2013-2015	42	42	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Xue et al[17]	2018	China	Central	2015-2016	28	28	52.68	52.74	21/7	20/8	3/7/18/0	2/5/21/0	0	28	0	0	28	0
Gao et al[15]	2019	China	East	2013-2014	51	50	57.6	58.2	32/19	36/14	10/12/29/0	13/15/22/0	12	39	0	17	33	0

TG: Total gastrectomy; DG: Distal gastrectomy; PG: Proximal gastrectomy; NA: Not reported; HALG: Hand-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy; LAG: Laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy.

Study quality

The Jadad scoring system was used to assess the quality of the selected RCT studies. Due to being open-label RCTs, those studies only scored 2 or 3 points (Table 2). It was known that operation was impossible to blind patients and surgeons. Thus, studies with a score ≥ 2 were classified as methodologically sound studies.

Table 2 Jadad scores of the included randomized controlled trials.

Ref.	Randomization	Blind	Withdrawals and dropouts	Total
Gong et al[13], 2014	1	0	1	2
Wang[16], 2015	1	0	1	2
Yang et al[18], 2016	1	0	1	2
Xue et al[17], 2018	2	0	1	3
Gao et al[15], 2019	2	0	1	3

Intraoperative outcome

The surgery time, blood loss, incision length, and retrieved lymphatic nodes were evaluated. The HALG group had a shorter surgery time compared with the LAG group (WMD, -23.81 min; 95%CI, -38.80 to -8.81; P = 0.002; Figure 2A). There was no significant difference in blood loss between the two groups (WMD, -8.61 mL; 95%CI, -19.66 to 2.44; P = 0.13; Figure 2B). Only four studies reported the incision length, and the value was longer in the HALG group than in the LAG group (WMD, 0.89 cm; 95%CI, 0.45 to 1.33; P < 0.01; Figure 2C). The HALG group had a greater number of retrieved lymphatic nodes compared with the LAG group (WMD, 2.02; 95%CI, 0.40 to 3.64; P = 0.01; Figure 2D).

Figure 2 Forest plots based on intraoperative and postoperative clinical data. A: Surgery time; B: Blood loss; C: Incision length; D: Retrieved lymphatic nodes; E: Time to first flatus; F: Postsurgical hospitalization; G: Overall postsurgical complications. HALG: Hand-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy; LAG: Laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy.

Postsurgical outcomes

The time to first flatus and the duration of postsurgical hospitalization were evaluated in the postoperative recovery. There was no significant difference in the time to first flatus between the two groups (WMD, 0.02 d; 95%CI, -0.22 to 0.25; P = 0.90; Figure 2E). The HALG group had shorter hospital duration, compared with the LAG group (WMD, -0.60 d; 95%CI, -0.95 to -0.26; P < 0.01; Figure 2F).

The overall postsurgical complications were evaluated in all the included studies. The pooled result showed that the HALG group had a lower risk of overall postsurgical complications than the LAG group (RR, 0.57; 95%CI, 0.37 to 0.88; P < 0.01; Figure 2G).

Publication bias

The funnel plot of overall postsurgical complications was used to examine the potential publication bias. Based on the approximate symmetry, there was no evidence of publication bias in this meta-analysis (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Funnel plot of the overall postsurgical complications. RR: Risk ratio.

DISCUSSION

The therapeutic effect of LAG has been confirmed for gastric cancer in previous studies[19-21]. Likewise, several studies confirmed the therapeutic effect of HALS on gastrointestinal tumors[22-24]. There are numerous similarities between HALG and LAG, such as the use of laparoscopy, a small incision, and digestive reconstruction. However, they also differ in various aspects such as the surgical procedure and the function of incision. ‘Three-step HALG’ has become the standardized procedure in our hospital[8,25]. The application of HALG has been gradually increasing, especially in China. Nevertheless, due to the lack of consistency across different studies, controversy exists on the therapeutic effects and advantages of HALG. In this meta-analysis, in order to improve the reliability, we only included RCTs on HALG and LAG.

RCTs are the gold standard in study design; however, randomized controlled surgical trials, especially blinding, remain controversial, since the surgeon cannot be blinded to the procedure, and there are practical and ethical barriers to blind patients[26]. Due to the absence of blinding, five studies automatically scored poorly on the Jadad score in this meta-analysis. Although the poor-quality RCTs may be biased due to their inherent design limitations, there is no satisfactory program to resolve this issue. In addition, two of the studies did not report the exact value of the groups’ baseline[16,18], although they clearly reported that the groups were similar at the baseline in the article.

Previously, HALG has been considered the transitional bridge from traditional open surgery to laparoscopic surgery[27-29]. Currently, HALG is universally used for gastrointestinal tumors in China. However, most surgeons may prejudice HALG’s minimal invasiveness because of one hand into the abdominal cavity. In fact, several studies have shown that the important prognostic indicators of HALG, with the exception of incision length, are more advantageous than those of LAG[9,27,30-32]. Additionally, HALG should not be denied as being minimally invasive just because of slightly longer incision (WMD, 0.89 cm; 95%CI, 0.45 to 1.33). There are several possible reasons for this. First, HALG is simpler for isolating the omentum, and groups 5, 6, and 12 lymph nodes under direct vision through the upper abdomen incision, so that it can greatly reduce the laparoscopic operation time. Second, the surgeon’s left hand is more agile than that of the LAG’s assistant. Third, the initial learning-curve of HALG is shorter; thus, surgeons can better acquire the skill to decrease the operation time. Fourth, the incision length is appropriate for digestive reconstruction.

Severe postsurgical complications could increase the hospitalization duration and affect the prognosis. In this meta-analysis, the rates of all postsurgical complications of HALG were lower than those of LAG, which could be attributed to the following reasons: First, HALG have a clearer operative field to isolate groups 5, 6, and 12 lymph nodes, and to complete the digestive reconstruction by the comfortable incision. Second, due to the direct hand assistance, the important structures, particularly the splenic lymph node, could more intuitively be revealed via the laparoscope. Third, HALG has a lower requirement for pneumoperitoneum pressure, so that it favorably maintains the stability of the internal environment. However, those studies did not evaluate the long-term outcomes. Thus, it is important to evaluate the long-term survival of HALG in the future.

To date, surgeons have multiple options to complete gastrectomy, especially the novel totally laparoscopic gastrectomy and robotic gastrectomy. However, the reconstruction process of totally laparoscopic gastrectomy or robotic gastrectomy is difficult[33-35]. Compared with HALG, it also has a longer-learning curve to complete operation[7]. The robotic gastrectomy is similar to minimal need for experienced assistance with HALG. However, the robotic approach is not widely used because of its high price[36,37]. Compared with the cheap equipment of HALG, many hospitals cannot pay for initial purchasing costs and maintenance costs of robotic procedures, especially in undeveloped areas. Additionally, the high hospitalization costs of robotic gastrectomy also affect the choice of patients. Collectively, we still recommend this ordinary HALG to the undeveloped areas in this analysis.

Nevertheless, this study has certain limitations. First, all the included studies were conducted in China, which limited the universal application of the results. Second, all the studies are RCTs, but there are no uniform criteria and no uniform training of surgeons. Due to the poor-quality RCTs, there is an indeterminate risk of bias. Third, although the present study included all the relevant publications from our search, the sample size is still not sufficient. Fourth, three types of gastrectomy were included in this meta-analysis, and the difference between these types is ignored, which may lead to high heterogeneity.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our meta-analysis suggests that HALG is a simpler and safer technique than LAG. HALG should be used as a minimal-access technique, particularly in technologically undeveloped areas. However, further high-quality RCTs with larger sample size should be conducted in order to evaluate this issue.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Hand-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy (HALG) is a popular operation in China, but some surgeons do not accept it as a minimal-access technique. 

Research motivation

If the safety and practicability of HALG can be confirmed by comparing with laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy (LAG), HALG should be used as a minimal-access technique.

Research objectives

This research aimed to assess the safety and practicability of HALG by comparing the short-term outcomes of HALG and LAG.

Research methods

The electronic databases of EMBASE, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Cochrane Library were thoroughly searched, and only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing HALG and LAG were included.

Research results

This meta-analysis included five RCTs with 600 cases. Compared with LAG, HALG reduced surgery time, hospital duration, and overall postsurgical complications, and increased the number of retrieved lymphatic nodes and incision length.

Research conclusions

HALG is simpler and safer technique than LAG. HALG should be used as a minimal-access technique, especially in technologically undeveloped areas.

Research perspectives

It is important to evaluate the long-term survival of hand-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy in the future.