Linking multiple pathogenic pathways in Alzheimer’s disease

Figure 1 The physiopathological pathways linking endothelial dysfunction and thrombin activation to the neurotoxic effects of iron ions through enhancement of the oxidative stress that leads to neuronal and glial cell death. Dark red ovals: Therapeutic agents; Light orange boxes: Pathophysiological mechanisms taking place in the vascular endothelium; Gray boxes: Pathological events observed in AD; Light yellow oval: Macrophages. AD: Alzheimer’s disease; DFO: Deferoxamine; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.