Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in cancer: Reported apparent diffusion coefficients, in-vitro and in-vivo reproducibility

Table 5 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in human gallbladder using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (T)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of patients/mean age (SD) (yr)	b-values (s/mm2)	Mean ADC (SD) (× 10-3 mm2/s)
Yamada et al[24], 1999	Siemens Vision	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH, FS	NR/123	62	0, 30, 300, 900, 1100	2.81 (0.36)
Yoshikawa et al[57], 2006	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH, SPIR	1500/66	151	0, 600	3.50 (0.51)
1Saremi et al[161], 2011	a. SiemensAvanto b. SiemensTrio	a. 1.5 b. 3.0	SS SE EPI, FS (1) BH, no PI (2) BH, PI (3) FB, PI	(1) 150/75 (2) 144/72 (3) 174/87	13 (2F, 11M)/46 (13)	50, 400, 1000	a. 2.6 (0.4) b. 2.6 (0.3)
Miquel et al[34], 2012	Philips Achieva	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB	(5300-5800)/62	10 (7F, 3M)/32.3 (4.6)	100, 200, 500, 750, 1000	V1: 2.93 (0.20) V2: 2.91 (0.21)
Corona-Villalobos et al[58], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH	(1) 3000/(69-79) (2) 2500/(76-95)	100 (36F, 64M)/60.4 (14.3)	(1) 0, 750 (2) 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 450, 600, 750	(1) 3.01 (0.33) (2) 2.74 (0.37)
Donati et al[56], 2014	(1) Siemens Sonata (2) Siemens Trio	1.5 3.0	SS SE EPI, FB, FS	(5000-6225)/(36-76)	10 (10M)/36.6 (7.7)	0, 1000	(1) 2.585 (0.354) (2) 2.506 (0.223)
	(3) Philips Achieva	1.5					(3) 2.657 (0.229)
	(4) Philips Achieva	3.0					(4) 2.718 (0.327)
	(5) GE Signa	1.5					(5) 2.670 (0.312)
	(6) GE Discovery	3.0					(6) 2.785 (0.477)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute intravoxel incoherent motion-specific parameters.

¹Mean ADC of the three sequences reported in the paper. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; SE: Spin echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breath-hold; BHI: Breath-hold end inspiratory; BHE: Breath-hold end expiratory; SPIR: Spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery; PI: Parallel imaging.