Association of obesity with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in India: A meta-analysis of observational studies

Table 4 Characteristics of included obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus studies

Ref.	Year	Participants characteristics			Study characteristics		Measurements		Methodological quality of study
		Age M (sd) in yr	Setting	Study design	Sample size	Inclusion criteria	Exposure	Outcome	Adjusting confounders	Selection bias	Measure-ment error	Response rate
Mohan et al[19]	1996	55.5 ± 11.9	Tamilnadu	Cross-sectional	1399	Individuals aged ≥ 20 yr	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2	Diabetes (WHO criteria)	Important confounders1 +, SBP, DBP	Not mentioned	Mentioned and discussed	90.20%
Mohan et al[19]	1996	55.5 ± 11.9	Tamilnadu	Cross-sectional	1399	individuals aged ≥ 20 yr	WC ≥ 90 cm	Diabetes (WHO criteria)	Important confounders1 +, SBP, DBP	Not mentioned	Mentioned and discussed	90.20%
Kumar et al[20]	Pub-lished year 2008	36.4	Kolkata	Cross-sectional	2200	Policemen with (monthly income: Rs.6000-15000), age (20 and 60 yr)	BMI	T2DM	Important confounders1 +, SBP, DBP,	Not mentioned	Mentioned and discussed	98.18%
Kumar et al[20]	Pub-lished year 2008	36.4	Kolkata	Cross-sectional	2200	policemen with (monthly income: Rs.6000-15000), age (20 and 60 yr)	WHR	T2DM	Important confounders1 + SBP, DBP	Not mentioned	Mentioned and discussed	98.18%
Kumar et al[20]	Pub-lished year 2008	36.4	Kolkata	Cross-sectional	2200	Policemen with (monthly income: Rs.6000-15000), age: 20 and 60 yr	WC	T2DM	Important confounders1 SBP, DBP	Not mentioned	Mentioned and discussed	98.18%
Bharati et al[21]	2007	20-49	Rural and urban field practice area.	Cross-sectional	1370	Adults: ≥ 20 yr	BMI > 30	T2DM (ADA classif-ication)	Important confounders1 + blood cholesterol, hypertension	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	100%
Bharati et al[21]	2007	20-49	Rural and urban field practice area	Cross-sectional	1370	Adults: ≥ 20 yr	WHR	T2DM (ADA classifi-cation)	Important confounders1 + blood cholesterol, hypertension	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	100%
Ravindra Singh et al[24]	2012-13	30-39	Agra City	Cross-sectional	633	Adults: ≥ 30 yr residing in Agra City	BMI	T2DM (WHO criteria)	Important confounders1	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	100%
Ravindra Singh et al[24]	2012-13	30-39	Agra City	Cross-sectional	633	Adults: ≥ 30 yr residing in Agra City	WHR	T2DM (WHO criteria)	Important confounders1	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	100%
Ravindra Singh et al[24]	2012-13	30-39	Agra City	Cross-sectional	633	Adults: ≥ 30 yr residing in Agra City	WC (> 88 cm for female and > 102 cm for male)	T2DM (WHO criteria)	Important confounders1	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	100%
Ghor-pade et al[22]	2007	35-50	Rural Tamilnadu	Cohort	1403	Adults > 25 yr of age from selected population	BMI ≥ 23	T2DM	Important confounders1 + n work status, Alcohol intake	Mentioned	Mentioned and discussed	85%
Vijaya-kumar et al[23]	2007	30-44	Urban Kerala	Cross-sectional	1990	≥ 18 yr, residing since t 6 mo	WHR (< 0.80 in women, 0.90 in men)	T2DM (Those with diabetes, and ADA classi-fication)	Important confounders1 + hyperchol-esterolemia, elevated BP	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	82.70%

¹Important confounders: Age, family history, sex, dietary habit, social economic status. As per WHO and ADA classification, diagnosis of diabetes is confirmed when fasting plasma glucose is ≥ 7 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) or 2 h plasma glucose is ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL). Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) test and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) test is considered as positive when the fasting plasma glucose is < 7 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) and 6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L (110 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL) respectively, 2 h plasma glucose is ≥ 7.8 and < 11.1 mmol/L (140 mg/dL and 200 mg/dL) and < 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) respectively. Both: Males and females; NA: Not available; ADA classification of diabetes: Fasting: ≥ 126 mg/dL; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; ADA: American Diabetes Association; JNC: Joint National Committee; WHO: World Health Organization; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; WC: Waist circumference; WHR: Waist to hip ratio; BMI: Body mass index.