Natural orifice transesophageal thoracoscopic surgery: A review of the current state

Table 2 Closure techniques and associated complications in swine transesophageal NOTES studies

Study	Esophageal closure strategy	Early complications	Late complications	Morbidity (n)	Mortality (%), (n)
Fritscher-Ravens et al[23]	Prototype T-tag device (n = 6)	Pericardial hematoma (acute animal)	None	1	None
	EndoClip (n = 3)
Sumiyama et al[24]	SEMF	Pleural injury resulting in death	None	None	25 (n = 1)
Gee et al[21]	m-SEMF + Endoclip (n = 2), m-SEMF only (n = 2)	None	Subclinical esophageal abscess	1	None
Sumiyama et al[34]	SEMF + EndoClip	Descending aorta injury	Esophageal mucosal ulceration at SEMF site	1	20 (n = 1)
Willingham et al[22]	m-SEMF + EndoClip	Pneumothorax requiring angiocatheter decompression	N/A	1	None

EndoClip: Metal clip applied to esophageal mucosa; N/A: Not applicable in this non-survival study.