Ectopic pancreas at the ampulla of Vater diagnosed with endoscopic snare papillectomy: A case report and review of literature

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Ectopic pancreas is a rare developmental anomaly that results in a variety of clinical presentations. Patients with ectopic pancreas are mostly asymptomatic, and if symptomatic, symptoms are usually nonspecific and determined by the location of the lesion and the various complications arising from it. Ectopic pancreas at the ampulla of Vater (EPAV) is rare and typically diagnosed after highly morbid surgical procedures such as pancreaticoduodenectomy or ampullectomy. To our knowledge, we report the first case of confirmed EPAV with a minimally invasive intervention.

CASE SUMMARY

A 71-year-old male with coronary artery disease, presented to us with new-onset dyspepsia with imaging studies revealing a ‘double duct sign’ secondary to a small subepithelial ampullary lesion. His hematological and biochemical investigations were normal. His age, comorbidity, poor diagnostic accuracy of endoscopy, biopsies and imaging techniques for subepithelial ampullary lesions, and suspicion of malignancy made us acquire histological diagnosis before morbid surgical intervention. We performed balloon-catheter-assisted endoscopic snare papillectomy which aided us to achieve en bloc resection of the ampulla for histopathological diagnosis and staging. The patient’s post-procedure recovery was uneventful. The en bloc resected specimen revealed ectopic pancreatic tissue in the ampullary region. Thus, the benign histopathology avoided morbid surgical intervention in our patient. At 15 mo follow-up, the patient is asymptomatic.

CONCLUSION

EPAV is rare and remains challenging to diagnose. This rare entity should be included in the differential diagnosis of subepithelial ampullary lesions. Endoscopic en bloc resection of the papilla may play a vital role as a diagnostic and therapeutic option for preoperative histological diagnosis and staging to avoid morbid surgical procedures.

Key Words: Ectopic pancreas, Heterotopic pancreas, Ampulla of Vater, Endoscopic snare papillectomy, Ampullary tumors, Case report

Core Tip: Ectopic pancreas at the ampulla of Vater (EPAV) is an extremely rare condition, usually mimicking malignancy and presents as abdominal pain and obstructive jaundice. This rare entity should be included in the differential diagnosis of subepithelial ampullary lesions. The diagnosis of EPAV remains very challenging despite several endoscopic and radiological advances. The diagnosis is usually based on morbid surgical interventions such as pancreaticoduodenectomy/ampullectomy or autopsy. Endoscopic en bloc resection of the papilla with endoscopic snare papillectomy may play a vital role as a diagnostic and therapeutic option for preoperative histological diagnosis and staging to avoid morbid surgical procedures.

INTRODUCTION

Ectopic or heterotopic pancreas is a rare developmental anomaly with an estimated frequency of 0.6% to 13.7% at autopsy. It is mostly an incidental finding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, the most typical sites being the stomach (25%-38%), duodenum (17%-36%), and jejunum (15%-21.7%). It has been noted occasionally in the esophagus, gallbladder, common bile duct (CBD), spleen, mesentery, mediastinum and fallopian tubes[1,2]. The clinical manifestations of ectopic pancreas are usually nonspecific and are determined by the location of the lesion and the various complications arising from it.

Ectopic pancreas at the ampulla of Vater (EPAV) is extremely rare and usually presents as obstructive jaundice or abdominal pain, and hence, mimicking ampullary malignancy. Despite several advances in endoscopic and radiological techniques, the diagnosis of EPAV remains challenging and is mostly identified post-surgery or at autopsy.

Endoscopic snare papillectomy (ESP) is a minimally invasive technique that helps to achieve en bloc resection of the ampulla for preoperative histopathological diagnosis and staging, and thus avoids morbid surgical intervention. To our knowledge, we report the first case of this rare and challenging entity diagnosed by en bloc resection of the ampulla with ESP.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 71-year old male presented in the outpatient department in August 2019 with the chief complaint of epigastric pain of 3 mo duration.

History of present illness

The epigastric pain was mild to moderate, localized, continuous, with no relation to meals. There was no relief with proton pump inhibitors. There was no history of jaundice, pruritus, clay-colored stools, anorexia, weight loss, dysphagia, gastrointestinal bleeding or vomiting.

History of past illness

The patient had undergone coronary angioplasty for coronary artery disease in 2010 and was on dual antiplatelet drugs.

Personal and family history

He had no addictions, and his family history was non-contributory.

Physical examination

The patient was conscious and oriented. His pulse rate was 80 bpm and regular, and blood pressure was 110/70 mmHg. There was no pallor, icterus, or lymphadenopathy. Abdominal examination and other systemic examinations did not reveal any abnormalities.

Laboratory examinations

His blood investigations were as follows: Hb 13.9 g/ dL, white blood cell count 4600/µL, platelet count 166000/µL, prothrombin time 16.5 s, serum bilirubin 0.42 mg/ dL, ALT 18 U/L, AST 17 U/L, ALP 83 U/L (< 129 U/L), gamma glutamyl transferase - 33 U/L (< 71 U/L), and serum creatinine 1.22 mg/dL (< 1.4 mg/dL).

Imaging examinations

At the local medical center, he had undergone ultrasonography of the abdomen that revealed dilatation of the CBD (15 mm) and pancreatic duct (PD) (5 mm). He was referred to our center for further management. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) showed dilated CBD (15 mm) and PD (6 mm) with abrupt cut-off at the level of the ampulla. No other abnormalities were noted (Figure 1). Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) revealed a subepithelial, hypoechoic mass lesion at the ampulla 7 mm in size, causing upstream dilation of the CBD and PD. The lesion was free from duodenal muscularis propria. There was no regional lymphadenopathy.

Figure 1 Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showing the dilated common bile duct and pancreatic duct with abrupt cut-off at the ampulla.

Diagnostic and therapeutic intervention

The age and comorbidity of the patient, the limitations and diagnostic accuracy of endoscopy, biopsies and imaging for ampullary lesions, and suspicion of malignancy made us acquire the histological diagnosis of ampullary lesion before a highly morbid surgical intervention. EUS-guided biopsy was not possible due to technical difficulties of the tiny mobile lesion. Hence, ESP was considered a diagnostic and therapeutic intervention for the subepithelial ampullary lesion. ESP aids in achieving en bloc resection of the ampulla for histopathological diagnosis and staging. Thus, en bloc ESP was performed with a balloon-catheter-assisted technique as described by Aiura et al[3]. ESP was carried out with a therapeutic duodenoscope (TJF Q 180V, Olympus Medical Systems Corp., Tokyo, Japan) with a 4.2 mm diameter accessory channel. Selective CBD cannulation was achieved with a 0.035” guidewire using a sphincterotome. The linked stone extraction balloon catheter (Fusion Quattro Extraction Balloon, Wilson Cook Medical Inc., Winston-Salem NC, USA) and a 5 Fr snare were inserted over the guidewire through the accessory channel side by side. The balloon catheter alone was advanced into the bile duct, and then the balloon was expanded with distilled water mixed with contrast. The balloon was pulled back gently towards the duodenal lumen, at which point the snare was opened so that it grasped the base of the papilla next to the inflated balloon. Pulling the balloon catheter toward the duodenal lumen made it easier to snare the papillary lesion entirely by lifting the papilla from the duodenal wall and towards the lumen[3]. En bloc papillectomy was performed with a monopolar electrosurgical current (ERBE Vio3, Endocut Q mode). A 5 Fr X 7 cm single pigtail pancreatic plastic stent was placed prophylactically, and a 10 Fr X 10 cm biliary plastic stent was placed after biliary sphincterotomy (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Endoscopic snare papillectomy. A: Endoscopic view of the sub-epithelial ampullary lesion; B: Cholangiogram showing terminal common bile duct (CBD) stricture with upstream dilated CBD after selective CBD cannulation; C: Endoscopic view showing snaring of the papilla while pulling back the expanded balloon within the CBD towards the duodenal lumen; D: Endoscopic view after endoscopic snare papillectomy; E: Endoscopic view of the biliary sphincterotomy and pancreatic stent in place.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Histopathological examination of the retrieved specimen showed ampullary-type mucosa with the central area of erosion associated with mild acute on chronic inflammation in the lamina propria. There was a lobular arrangement of normal looking exocrine pancreatic tissue on the deeper aspect of the lamina propria consistent with the ectopic pancreatic tissue (Gasper Fuentes Classification - Type III) (Figure 3). Thus, the final diagnosis in the presented case was EPAV.

Figure 3 Ectopic pancreas at the ampulla of Vater–histopathology. A: Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining showing ampullary mucosa with ectopic pancreatic tissue (arrow) on low power view; B: Ampullary mucosa with inflammatory infiltrates in the lamina propria; C: HE staining showing ectopic exocrine pancreatic tissue (arrows) (20 ×); D: Pancreatic acini (40 ×).

TREATMENT

ESP (as described in section 'Diagnostic and Therapeutic intervention') played a vital role as a diagnostic and therapeutic modality in this case.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Post-procedure recovery was uneventful. Both stents were removed after ten days. The patient was asymptomatic at the 15 mo follow-up.

DISCUSSION

Ectopic pancreas is an uncommon developmental anomaly where pancreatic tissue has grown outside its usual location and shows no vascular or anatomical connections to the pancreas. The prevalence of ectopic pancreas is estimated to range from 0.6% to 13.7% of autopsies. It is mostly identified as an incidental finding within the upper gastrointestinal tract, the most typical sites being the stomach (25%-38%), duodenum (17%-36%), and jejunum (15%-21.7%)[1]. Ectopic pancreas is found in all age groups, with most cases in the 4th to 6th decade of life with a male preponderance (male:female ratio is 3:1).

In 1909, Heinrich described the first histological classification system for ectopic pancreas that Gasper Fuentes subsequently modified in 1973[4,5] (Table 1).

Table 1 Histological classification of ectopic pancreas.

Heinrich classification (1909)

Type I - Contains acini, ducts and islands of Langerhans

Type II - Contains acini and ducts, but lacks endocrine elements

Type III Comprises proliferating ducts, exhibiting neither acini nor endocrine elements

Gasper Fuentes Classification (1973)

Type I - typical pancreatic tissue with acini, ducts, and islet cells similar to the normal pancreas.

Type II (canalicular variety) - pancreatic ducts only.

Type III (exocrine pancreas) - acinar tissue only.

Type IV (endocrine pancreas) - islet cells only.

The exact incidence of EPAV is unknown. The autopsy series by Dolzhikov et al[6] found 48 cases (14.7%) of ectopic pancreatic tissue in 327 routine autopsies of the ampulla of Vater. Notably, the ectopic pancreatic tissue was detected macroscopically in one case only (2.1%) where it was suspected as a tumor of the ampulla of Vater. All other 47 cases had no macroscopic changes. The ectopic pancreatic tissue was positioned in the medial wall of the major duodenal papilla (37.5%), interductular septum (37.5%), lateral wall (16.7%) and the parapapillary area of the duodenum (8.3%). The autopsy findings further stated that the most common site of EPAV was in the walls of the ampulla of Vater and the base of the interductular septum (39.6%) followed by mucosa and the muscular glandular layer of the ampulla of Vater (27.1%). The exocrine variety of ectopic pancreas was the most typical variant (72.9%)[6].

EPAV is an infrequent entity presenting with clinical symptoms in the form of jaundice or abdominal pain. We found only 43 cases of EPAV (excluding bile duct ectopic pancreatic tissue) after an extensive literature search (Table 2)[7-31]. The most extensive series was fourteen cases by Vankemmel and Houcke[12] in 1977. They found these cases after undertaking a systematic study with multiple sections of the region of the ampulla of Vater in a total of 50 pancreaticoduodenectomies (49 – chronic pancreatitis; 1 – benign ampullary tumor). The age of the 43 cases of EPAV ranged from 32 years to 72 years with almost equal sex distribution. The most common symptoms were jaundice and abdominal pain. Eighty-two percent of cases revealed some degree of biliary dilatation, but it was shown that jaundice did not correlate with the size of the lesion. The size of the tumor ranged from 1 mm to 40 mm. The precise mechanism of CBD obstruction by ectopic pancreas is not known but may be due to mechanical obstruction (pressure by ectopic pancreatic tissue or surrounding tissue edema) or functional obstruction (spasm due to irritative secretions).

Table 2 Summary of clinical features of patients with ectopic pancreas at the ampulla of Vater.

Author	Number of cases	Age (yr)/sex	Symptoms	Tumor size (mm)	CBD dilation	Treatment
Hoelzer[7], 1940	1	54/F	Abdominal pain, jaundice	12	Yes	Inoperable
Mitchell and Augrist[8], 1943	1	68/F	N/A	5	No	N/A
Varay[9], 1946	1	44/F	Jaundice	3	Yes	Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Pearson[10], 1951	1	43/F	Abdominal pain, jaundice	25	Yes	Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Weber et al[11], 1968	1	46/F	Abdominal pain, jaundice	8	Yes	Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Vankemmel and Houcke[12], 1977	14	32-53/ NA	13 cases – chronic pancreatitis1 case – ampullary tumor	1-10 mm	NA	14 cases - Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Bill et al[13], 1982	1	64/M	Abdominal pain	40	Yes	Pancreaticoduodenectomy
O'Reilly et al[14], 1983	1	61/M	Jaundice	8	Yes	Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Laughlin et al[15], 1983	1	54/F	Abdominal pain	5	Yes	Ampullectomy
Xu[16], 19911	6	35-60 /5M/1F	6 cases - Jaundice	NA	NA	6 cases - Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Kubota et al[17], 1996	1	71/M	Abdominal pain	NA	Yes	Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Hammarström and Nordgren[18], 1999	1	NA/F	Acute pancreatitis	4	No	ERCP, Sphincterotomy & biopsy
Molinari et al[19], 2000	1	42/M	Abdominal pain, jaundice, weight loss	4	Yes	Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Chen et al[20], 2001	1	59/F	Abdominal pain	12	Yes	Ampullectomy
Contini et al[21], 2003	1	72/F	Abdominal pain, jaundice	8	Yes	Ampullectomy
Obermaier et al[22], 2004	1	46/M	Jaundice	2	Yes	Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Wagle et al[23], 2005	1	70/F	Abdominal pain, jaundice	NA	Yes	Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Filippou et al[24], 2006	1	69/F	Jaundice, weight loss	NA	Yes	Ampullectomy
Karahan et al[25], 2006	1	67/M	Abdominal pain, jaundice	10	Yes	Laparotomy, biopsy, Choledochojejunostomy
Biswas et al[26], 2007	1	47/M	Abdominal pain, jaundice	15	Yes	Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Hsu et al[27], 2008	1	54/M	Abdominal pain, jaundice	NA	Yes	Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Rao et al[28], 2011	1	48/M	Jaundice	1.5	Yes	Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Ciesielski et al[29], 2015	1	54/M	Abdominal pain, jaundice	NA	No	Cholecystectomy with intraoperative CBD BX
Kang et al[30], 20162	1	39/F	-	14	No	Endoscopic resection
Nari et al[31], 2019	1	49/M	Abdominal pain, Jaundice	NA	Yes	Cholecystectomy with CBD Exploration and Bx; Papillo - Sphincterotomy
Present case, 2021	1	71/M	Abdominal pain	8	Yes	Endoscopic snare papillectomy
Total no of cases	44

¹Article in Chinese language.

²Article in Korean language.

Ampullary gangliocytic paraganglioma along with ectopic pancreas. CBD: Common bile duct; N/A: Not applicable; NA: Not available.

The important differential diagnoses for an ampullary lesion in addition to adenomatous lesions are neuroendocrine tumors, adenomyomas, gangliocytic paraganglioma, duodenal duplication cyst, inflammatory pseudotumor and infrequently ectopic pancreas[32-34]. Despite several advances in endoscopic and radiological techniques, the diagnosis of EPAV remains challenging. The unique finding of central umbilication on endoscopy is seldom seen at the ampulla of Vater. An endoscopic biopsy is unhelpful due to the subepithelial nature of the lesion. Radiological techniques such as CT scan and MRCP do not appear to be useful for preoperative diagnosis. Although very few cases had been subjected to EUS according to the previously reported cases, EUS appears to assist in determining the dimensions, layer of origin, adherence to the muscularis propria of the ampullary lesion and any regional lymphadenopathy. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration may help to clarify the diagnosis[35].

Thus, almost all the reported cases of EPAV in the literature are diagnosed after surgical intervention (95%), either in the form of pancreaticoduodenectomy (80%) or transduodenal ampullectomy (10%) or other interventions (10%). This appears to be due to in preoperative diagnosis and suspicion of malignancy. Similar findings were reported in the literature review by Biswas et al[26] in 2007. Surgical intervention carries a high rate of morbidity (pancreaticoduodenectomy – 25%-50% and transduodenal ampullectomy – 20%-30%) and mortality (pancreaticoduodenectomy 3-9% and transduodenal ampullectomy – 0%-6%)[36].

ESP is a minimally invasive technique that helps achieve en bloc resection of the ampulla for accurate preoperative histology and thus avoids morbid surgical procedures. ESP is a safe procedure that has low morbidity and mortality rates (9.7%–20% and 0.09%–0.3%, respectively)[36]. Lesions less than 5 cm, with no evidence of intraductal growth and no evidence of malignancy on endoscopic appearance (spontaneous bleeding, ulceration) are considered suitable for ESP. However, with advances in endoscopic techniques and armamentarium, the indications are expanding[37]. ESP can provide accurate histology and grading, tumor and lymphovascular invasion staging in cases of malignancy. There are plenty of debatable issues such as the use of submucosal injection, cautery current settings, and the use of prophylactic pancreatic stents etc., in ESP. However, ESP seems to be a feasible and safe modality to achieve en bloc resection of ampullary lesions for accurate histology after pre-procedure work up in expert hands.

Our patient presented with new-onset dyspepsia with a ‘double duct sign’ on imaging, giving rise to the suspicion of ampullary malignancy. The age and comorbidity of the patient, the limitations and diagnostic accuracy of endoscopy, biopsies and imaging for ampullary lesions, and suspicion of malignancy made us acquire the histological diagnosis of ampullary lesion before considering a highly morbid surgical intervention. Hence, we carried out endoscopic en bloc resection of the subepithelial ampullary lesion using a balloon-catheter-assisted ESP. The benign histopathology of the resected specimen avoided morbid surgical intervention in our case.

To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of EPAV managed with minimally invasive ESP.

CONCLUSION

EPAV mimicking malignancy with a ‘double duct sign’ is an extremely rare condition. The diagnosis remains challenging even with advances in endoscopic and radiological techniques. Hence, the diagnosis rests totally on morbid surgical interventions or autopsy. This rare entity should be included in the differential diagnosis of subepithelial ampullary lesions. ESP which helps to achieve en bloc resection of the ampulla may play a vital role as a diagnostic and therapeutic option for preoperative histological diagnosis and staging to avoid morbid surgical procedures.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are thankful to Dr. Manish Gaikwad, Dr. Jayesh Timane and Dr. Amol Samarth for their help in writing the manuscript.