Portal hypertensive gastropathy: A systematic review of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, natural history and therapy

Table 11 Rates of gastrointestinal bleeding from portal hypertensive gastropathy

Ref.	Year published	Population	Bleeding from PHG	Transfusions required
McCormack et al[3]	1985	127 patients with portal hypertension of various etiologies	29 patients out of 65 with PHG, representing 25% of the total number of bleeds from all sources; 9 episodes presenting with bleeding; 71 episodes of subsequent bleeding	2-15 units required for 60 bleeds
D'Amico et al[25]	1990	212 patients with cirrhosis; 75 being treated with sclerotherapy
Sarin et al[8]	1992	107 patients with portal hypertension presenting with variceal bleeding, undergoing sclerotherapy	No bleeding before sclerotherapy from PHG (4/107 had PHG); 2/13 post-sclerotherapy patients who developed PHG	Average of 4 units per patient with range of 2-8 units
Pérez-Ayuso et al[103]	1991	54 cirrhotic patients with PHG, in a RCT to look for rebleeding; propranolol 26 vs control 28	First hemorrhage: Acute/chronic bleeding in propranolol group 12/14; in control 12/16, rebleeding: Acute/chronic; in propranolol 6/6; in control 10/12
Gostout et al[217]	1993	Patients admitted for GI bleeding (1496)	12 patients (0.8%), representing 8% of nonvariceal bleeding in patients with liver disease
Primignani et al[34]	2000	373 patients with cirrhosis; PHG in 299 patients (80.1%)	8 PHG patients with acute bleeding; chronic bleeding in 34 patients
Merli et al[37]	2004	222 cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension; 48 patients with PHG on enrollment	During follow up for 47 ± 28 (SD) mo, acute bleeding 9, chronic bleeding 7 from PHG
Kimura et al[218]	2014	297 patients with living donor liver transplantation; retrospective analysis	2 patients bled from PHG within 3 mo after transplantation

PHG: Portal hypertensive gastropathy; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; GI: Gastrointestinal.