Effect of non-alcoholic beer, diet and exercise on endothelial function, nutrition and quality of life in patients with cirrhosis

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

	All (n = 43)	Control (n = 21)	Intervention (n = 22)	P value
Sex n (%) F/M	26 (60.5)/17 (39.5)	12 (46.2)/9 (52.9)	14 (53.8)/8 (47.1)	0.663
Age (yr)	53.5 ± 7.8	53.7 ± 8.2	53 ± 7.6	0.768
BMI (kg/m2)	29.5 ± 4.2	29.2 ± 3.7	29.8 ± 4.8	0.635
Etiology of cirrhosis
HCV n (%)	14 (32.6)	6 (28.5)	8 (36.4)	0.063
AIH n (%)	9 (20.9)	3 (14.3)	6 (27.3)
NAFLD n (%)	8 (18.6)	5 (23.8)	3 (13.6)
Others1 n (%)	12 (27.9)	7 (33.4)	5 (22.7)
History of complications [n (%)]
Variceal bleeding	2 (4.7)	2 (9.5)	0 (0)	0.233
Encephalopathy	1 (2.3)	0 (0)	1 (4.5)	0.500
Ascites	5 (11.6)	3 (14.3)	2 (9.1)	0.664
Child-Pugh stage
A	38 (88.4)	20 (95.2)	18 (81.9)	0.345
B	5 (11.6)	1 (4.8)	4 (18.1)
Child-Pugh	5 (5-6)	5 (5-6)	5 (5-6)	0.617
MELD score	8 (7-10)	8 (7.5-9.5)	8.5 (7-10)	0.524
Biochemical parameters
TB (mg/dL)	1.19 (0.82-1.95)	1.15 (0.75-1.44)	1.28 (0.85-2.11)	0.284
ALT (U/L)	43 (26-77)	43 (30-86.5)	43.1 (20.75-77)	0.882
AST (U/L)	48 (37-93)	47 (40-80)	50.5 (32-98)	0.881
AP (mg/dL)	142.2 ± 57.7	123.7 ± 44.1	159.8 ± 64.4	0.039
Albumin (g/dL)	4.0 (3.6-4.2)	4.1 (3.8-4.3)	3.9 (3.3-4.1)	0.170
Leukocytes (K/µL)	4.2 (3.7-5.3)	4.0 (3.7-5.15)	4.75 (3.725-5.925)	0.233
Platelets (K/µL)	80 (62-125)	77 (61.5-125)	93.5 (63.5-125)	0.520
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	14.1 ± 1.94	14.2 ± 3.3	14.0 ± 2.4	0.755
INR	1.1 (1.1-1.2)	1.1 (1.1-1.2)	1.1 (1.1-1.2)	0.870
Glucose (mg/dL)	91 (83-103)	94 (83.5-109)	91 (81-100.5)	0.882
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.72 (0.63-0.80)	0.72 (0.60-0.81)	0.71 (0.64-0.79)	0.892
Sodium (mmol/L)	139 (137-141)	140 (137.5-141)	138 (137-140.2)	0.290
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.08 ± 0.32	4.0 ± 0.37	4.1 ± 0.25	0.198
CO2 (mmol/L)	24 (21-26)	23.0 (21.5-26)	24.5 (21-27.25)	0.518

¹Other etiologies included cryptogenic, primary biliary cholangitis and overlap syndrome (HAI/CBP). Data reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (p25-p75), according to the distribution of the data, or absolute frequency (percentage %). BMI: Body mass index; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; TB: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; AP: Alkaline phosphatase; INR: International normalized ratio.