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©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Stem Cells. Jul 26, 2014; 6(3): 355-366
Published online Jul 26, 2014. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i3.355
Published online Jul 26, 2014. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i3.355
Table 1 Effect of peripheral arterial disease on endothelial progenitor cells
| Ref. | Subjects | EPCs (number/function) | Findings |
| Fadini et al[14] | 55 diabetic without PAD 72 diabetic with PAD | CD34+/CD133+/KDR+ | CD34+/CD133+/KDR+ is significantly lower in diabetics with PAD compared to diabetics alone |
| Fadini et al[15] | 15 healthy controls 30 PAD | CD34+/KDR+ | CD34+/KDR+ is significantly lower in patients with PAD than controls |
| Delva et al[17] | 24 healthy controls 45 PAD | CFU CD133+, CD34+, CD34+/KDR+ | CFU is significantly increased in patients with PAD compared to controls CD34+ and CD133+ are significantly decreased in patients with PAD compared to controls No difference between groups for CD34+/KDR+ |
| Morishita et al[16] | 22 healthy controls 48 PAD | CD34+/CD133+/ KDR+ | CD34+/CD133+/KDR+ is significantly higher in PAD compared to controls |
Table 2 Effect of coronary artery disease on endothelial progenitor cells
| Ref. | Subjects | EPCs (number/function) | Findings |
| Vasa et al[18] | 9 healthy controls | CD34+/KDR+ (flow cytometry) | Both CD34+/KDR+ and migratory activity were impaired in patients with CAD compared to controls |
| 45 CAD | Migratory activity | ||
| Eizawa et al[19] | 36 healthy controls | CD34+ (flow cytometry) | CD34+ is significantly decreased in patients with stable CAD |
| 34 stable CAD | |||
| Wang et al[20] | 44 controls | CD34+/KDR+ (flow cytometry) | CD34+/KDR+ is the lowest in severe CAD followed by mild CAD Migratory activity is also impaired in CAD patients |
| 35 mild CAD | Migratory activity | ||
| 25 severe CAD | |||
| Liguori et al[21] | 15 healthy controls | CFU | CFU, CD34+ and migratory capacity were significantly impaired in patients with CHD CHD is the main predictor which impairs CFU capacity |
| 40 CHD | CD34+ (flow cytometry) | ||
| Migratory activity | |||
| Briguori et al[22] | 136 CAD | CFU | Low levels of CFU and CD34+/KDR+ predict CAD progression |
| CD34+/KDR+ (flow cytometry) | |||
| Güven et al[23] | 24 controls | CD34+ (flow cytometry) | CD34+ EPC is significantly elevated in CAD patients compared to controls |
| 24 CAD | EPCs is also positively correlated with maximum stenosis | ||
| Werner et al[24] | 90 CHD | CFU | CD34+/KDR+ and CFU positively correlate with endothelium-dependent vasodilation (acetylcholine infusion) |
| CD34+/KDR+ (flow cytometry) |
Table 3 Summary of clinical trials: Effect of heart failure on endothelial progenitor cells
| Ref. | Subjects | EPCs (number/function) | Findings |
| Valgimigli et al[28] | 45 healthy controls 91 CHF | CD34+, CD34+/CD133+/KDR+ (flow cytometry) | CD34+ and CD34+/CD133+/KDR+ are significantly elevated in CHF patients compared to controls EPC number is negatively correlated with NYHA functional class |
| Nonaka-Sarukawa et al[29] | 22 healthy controls 16 mild CHF 10 severe CHF | CD34+ (flow cytometry) | CD34+ is significantly higher in mild CHF compared to severe CHF |
| Michowitz et al[30] | 107 CHF | CFU | CFU is the independent predictor for CHF CFU is also negatively correlated with NYHA functional class |
Table 4 Effect of antihypertensive medications on endothelial progenitor cells
| Ref. | Subjects | Drugs | Duration | EPCs (number/function) | Findings |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers | |||||
| Yao et al[33] | 42 SHR-SP rats | Losartan (10 mg/kg per day) vs Placebo | 2 wk | CFU CD34+ (flow cytometry) Migratory activity | Losartan improved EPC number and function from SHR-SP rats compared to WKY rats |
| Yu et al[34] | 18 SHR-SP rats | Candesartan (1 mg/kg per day) vs Tempol, Trichlormethiazide | 2 wk | CFU | The highest CFU count was observed in candesartan treatment group |
| Yoshida et al[35] | 12 SHR-SP rats | Valsartan (300 mg/L) vs Hydralazine | 2 wk | CFU Migratory activity | Treatment with valsartan stimulated increase in CFU and migration activity in SHR-SP rats compared to hydralazine-treated rats |
| Honda et al[36] | 15 healthy controls | Telmisartan (1 μmol/L) vs Valsartan | 4 d | CFU Proliferation activity | CFU and EPC proliferative activity are significantly increased in cells treated with telmisartan in vitro |
| Pelliccia et al[37] | 40 CAD | Telmisartan (80 mg/d) vs Placebo | 4 wk | CD34+/CD45-/ KDR+ (flow cytometry) | CD34+/CD45-/KDR+ is significantly elevated in patients treated with telmisartan |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors | |||||
| Min et al[39] | 20 CAD | Ramipril (5 mg/d) vs Placebo | 4 wk | EPC number Migratory activity Proliferation activity Adhesion activity | There was 1.5 fold increase in EPC number after 1 wk of treatment Followed by 2.5 fold increase in EPC count after 4 wk Migration, proliferation and adhesion activities were also significantly improved with ramipril |
| Cacciatore et al[40] | 36 HT | Enalapril (20 mg/d) vs Zofenopril (30 mg/d) | 1 yr and 5 yr | CFU Migratory activity | Increased CFU count for both treatment groups at 1 yr and 5 yr No difference for migratory activity |
| Calcium channel blockers | |||||
| Sugiura et al[43] | 37 HT | Nifedipine (20 mg/d) vs Untreated | 4 wk | CD34+/CD133+ (flow cytometry) Migratory activity | EPC number and function were significantly improved in the nifedipine group |
| de Ciuceis et al[44] | 29 essential HT | Barnidipine (20 mg/d) vs Hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/d) | 3 and 6 mo | EPC number | EPC number was significantly elevated in patients treated with barnidipine compared to hydrochlorothiazide |
Table 5 Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) on endothelial progenitor cells
| Ref. | Subjects | Drugs | Duration | EPCs (number/function) | Findings |
| Vasa et al[46] | 15 CAD | Atorvastatin (40 mg/d) | 4 wk | CD34+/KDR+ (flow cytometry) Migratory activity | CD34+/KDR+ was significantly increased after 4 wk of therapy Migration activity was also significantly improved after 4 wk of treatment |
| Leone et al[47] | 40 STEMI | Atorvastatin (80 mg/d) vs Atorvastatin (20 mg/d) | 16 wk | CD34+/KDR+ (flow cytometry) | Patients who took 80 mg of atorvastatin had higher CD34+/KDR+ than those who took 20 mg atorvastatin |
| Spadaccio et al[48] | 50 CAD | Atorvastatin (20 mg/d) vs Placebo | 3 wk | CD34+/CD133+ (flow cytometry) | Atorvastatin has significantly elevated EPC count after 3 wk |
| Erbs et al[49] | 42 CHF | Rosuvastatin (40 mg/d) vs Placebo | 12 wk | CD34+/KDR+ (flow cytometry) | Rosuvastatin significantly increased EPC count compared to placebo |
| Tousoulis et al[50] | 60 SHF | Rosuvastatin (10 mg/d) vs Allopurinol (300 mg/d) | 4 wk | CD34+/KDR+, CD34+/CD133+/KDR+ (flow cytometry) | CD34+/KDR+ and CD34+/CD133+/KDR+ are improved with rosuvastatin treatment compared to allopurinol |
| Huang et al[51] | 100 healthy controls 100 ICM | Atorvastatin (10 mg/d) vs Atorvastatin (40 mg/d) | 1 yr | CD34+ (flow cytometry) | CD34+ count was significantly elevated in patients under 40 mg atorvastatin after 1 yr |
| Paradisi et al[52] | 20 healthy controls | Pravastatin (40 mg/d) vs Placebo | 8 wk | CFU Tubule formation assay | CFU was increased by 31% in pravastatin group compared to placebo No difference was observed for tubule formation assay between groups |
| Hristov et al[53] | 209 CAD (without statin, n = 65, statin 10/20 mg/d, n = 101, statin 40 mg/d, n = 43) | Statin (10/20 mg/d) or 40 mg/d vs Untreated | 8 wk | CFU CD34+/KDR+ (flow cytometry) | 40 mg/d of statin treatment has significantly decreased EPC numbers Continuous statin therapy inversely correlated with EPC numbers |
Table 6 Effect of anti-diabetic medications on endothelial progenitor cells
| Ref. | Subjects | Drugs | Duration | EPCs (number/function) | Findings |
| Thiazolidinedione/metformin | |||||
| Wang et al[54] | 36 type 2 diabetes | Metformin + Pioglitazone (30 mg/d) (n = 24) vs Metformin (n = 12) | 8 wk | CD34+/KDR+ (flow cytometry) Migratory activity | Both EPC number and migration activity improved with combination of metformin and pioglitazone |
| Werner et al[55] | 54 CAD | Pioglitazone (45 mg/d) vs Placebo | 4 wk | CFU CD34+ (flow cytometry) | Improved EPC number and CFU count with pioglitazone treatment |
| Makino et al[56] | 34 type 2 diabetes | Pioglitazone (15-30 mg/d) | 24 wk | CD34+ (flow cytometry) | Number of CD34+ increased steadily at 12 wk and continued to increase after 24 wk of pioglitazone |
| Esposito et al[57] | 110 type 2 diabetes | Pioglitazone (15-45 mg/d) (n = 55) vs Metformin (1000-2000 mg/d) (n = 55) | 24 wk | CD34+/KDR+ (flow cytometry) | Significant improvement in CD34+/KDR+ in patients who took pioglitazone compared to metformin |
| Liao et al[58] | 51 healthy controls 46 type 2 diabetes | Metformin (1700-2550 mg/d) | 16 wk | CD45-/CD34+/KDR+ (flow cytometry) | EPC number is significantly lower in type 2 diabetic patients and significantly improved after metformin |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors | |||||
| Fadini et al[59] | 32 type 2 diabetes | Sitagliptin (100 mg/d) (n = 16) vs Metformin (n = 16) | 4 wk | CD34+/KDR+ (flow cytometry) | EPC number in sitagliptin group significantly improved compared to metformin group by 2 fold |
- Citation: Lee PSS, Poh KK. Endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular diseases. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6(3): 355-366
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v6/i3/355.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v6.i3.355