Hepatic perivascular epithelioid cell tumor: Clinicopathological analysis of 26 cases with emphasis on disease management and prognosis

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) is an uncommon tumor of mesenchymal origin. Cases of PEComa in the liver are extremely rare.

AIM

To analyze the clinicopathological features and treatment of hepatic PEComa and to evaluate the prognosis after different treatments.

METHODS

Clinical and pathological data of 26 patients with hepatic PEComa were collected. All cases were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and clinical follow-up.

RESULTS

This study included 17 females and 9 males, with a median age of 50 years. Lesions were located in the left hepatic lobe in 13 cases, in the right lobe in 11, and in the caudate lobe in 2. The median tumor diameter was 6.5 cm. Light microscopy revealed that the tumor cells were mainly composed of epithelioid cells. The cytoplasm contained heterogeneous eosinophilic granules. There were thick-walled blood vessels, around which tumor cells were radially arranged. Immunohistochemical analysis of pigment-derived and myogenic markers in PEComas revealed that 25 cases were HMB45 (+), 23 were Melan-A (+), and 22 SMA (+). TFE3 and Desmin were negative in all cases. All the fluorescence in situ hybridization samples were negative for TFE3 gene break-apart probe. Tumor tissues were collected by extended hepatic lobe resection or simple hepatic tumor resection as the main treatments. Median follow-up was 62.5 mo. None of the patients had metastasis or recurrence, and there were no deaths due to the disease.

CONCLUSION

Hepatic PEComa highly expresses melanin and smooth muscle markers, and generally exhibits an inert biological behavior. The prognosis after extended hepatic lobe resection and simple hepatic tumor resection is semblable.

Key Words: Hepatic tumor, Perivascular epithelioid cells, PEComa, Immunohistochemistry, Treatment, Prognosis

Core Tip: Hepatic perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) exhibits an inert biological behavior, and its diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up are challenging. Our study revealed that there was no difference in the prognosis between simple resection of liver tumor and extended resection of liver lobe. Optimal surgical resection currently is the best treatment option, and radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy may become more effective in future. The number of cases in the current retrospective study was limited by the rarity of hepatic PEComa. Therefore, further multicenter, larger-cohort studies are warranted to investigate the clinicopathological features and biological behavior of hepatic PEComa.

INTRODUCTION

Perivascular epithelioid cells were first described in 1992 by Bonetti et al[1]. In 2013, the World Health Organization[2] defined perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) as “a mesenchymal tumor, which shows a local association with the vessel wall and usually expresses melanocyte markers and smooth muscle markers.” Bonetti et al[1] were the first to propose the concept of a PEComa family, which includes angiomyolipoma, clear cell sugar tumor of the lung, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and a group of histologically and immunophenotypically similar tumors that include primary extrapulmonary sugar tumor, clear cell myomelanocytic tumor, and abdominopelvic sarcoma of perivascular epithelioid cells. PEComas are mainly composed of eosinophilic and clear epithelioid cells, which are usually arranged in nests of different sizes associated with blood vessels[3,4]. The diagnosis of PEComa relies on its pathological features, including epithelioid cellular shapes with ample clear to eosinophilic cytoplasm, and in some cases, arrangement around thick-walled blood vessels and immunohistochemical phenotypes, including melanocyte and smooth muscle markers[1,4,5]. Cases of PEComa in the liver are extremely rare[6], and surgical resection currently is the most effective therapeutic strategy to cure patients or prolong the survival period. In this study, the clinical and pathological features, immunohistochemical phenotypes, and information on treatment modalities of 26 cases of hepatic PEComa were collected, and the effects of different surgical methods on prognosis were evaluated to provide information for the guidance of clinical treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patient selection

The study included 17 women and 9 men who were diagnosed with hepatic PEComa for the first time. Tumor tissue samples were collected at the time of diagnosis between January 2010 and December 2018 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College (Anhui Province, China). None of the patients received preoperative radio- or chemo-therapy. Sixteen patients underwent extended hepatic lobe resection, eight underwent simple hepatic tumor resection, and two received the oral mTOR inhibitor sirolimus. None of the 26 patients had metastasis or recurrence, and there were no deaths due to the disease. Only two patients with extended liver lobectomy had a poor prognosis (one had postoperative pain in the liver area, and the other was diagnosed with liver cancer 2 years after surgery). Informed consent was obtained from all patients. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committees of the hospitals partaking in this study.

Imageological examination

Imaging data of all patients were collected and reviewed by two experienced physicians who analyzed the imaging characteristics of the patients.

Histological observation and immunohistochemical analysis

Two experienced pathologists reviewed hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of each tissue sample, marked the representative regions of tissue blocks, and assessed the following histological features: Tumor boundary (infiltration), tumor cell structure (trabecular and nested), tumor cell type (epithelial and fusiform), cytological features (cytoplasm and nucleus), nuclear features (atypical and pleomorphic), presence of pleomorphic tumor cells, and tumor necrosis.

Immunohistochemical staining was conducted on 4-μm-thick serial PEComa tissue sections using the standard ElivisionTM Plus/HRP detection system (Fuzhou Maixin Biotechnology, Fuzhou, China) and DAB substrate, generating a brown color. The antibodies, clones, dilutions, and pretreatment conditions used, as well as the positively stained sites, are listed in Table 1. Serial sections were incubated in parallel with rabbit IgG instead of the primary antibody as a negative control. Immunoreactivity was graded according to the percentage of positive tumor cells (0, negative; 1+, 1%-5%; 2+, 6%-25%; 3+, 26%-50%; 4+, 51%-100%), and tumor cell immunoreactivity was also semi-qualitatively graded: Weak, heterogeneous, or strong[7,8]. For calculation of IHC totals, a score of 1+ with weak, heterogeneous, or strong staining was considered positive for all antibodies except TFE3. A minimum of 3+ was required for TFE3 immunopositivity[8].

Table 1 Antibodies used in this study.

Antigen	Clone	Dilution	Antigen retrieval	Localization
HMB-45	HMB-45	1:400	None	Cytoplasm
Melan-A	A103	1:200	Citrate buffer pressure cook	Cytoplasm
SMA	1A4	1:20000	None	Cytoplasm
Desmin	D33	1:500	None	Cytoplasm
S100 protein	Polyclonal	1:4000	Citrate buffer pressure cook	Cytoplasm/nucleus
Hepatocyte	OCH1E5	1:1000	Citrate buffer pressure cook	Cytoplasm
Vimentin	V9	1:200	Citrate buffer pressure cook	Cytoplasm
CD34	QBEnd/10	1:500	Citrate buffer pressure cook	Cell membrane
TFE-3	MRQ-0663	1:500	ETDA buffer pressure cook	Nucleus
Ki-67	MX006	1:200	Citrate buffer pressure cook	Nucleus

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

FISH was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections with a thickness of 4 μm and labeled with a TFE3 gene break-apart probe (Guangzhou Anbiping Medical, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China). For probe preparation, TFE3 gene was labeled with green fluorescence on the centromere side and red fluorescence on the telomere side. FISH interpretation criteria are as follows: The positive pattern for TFE3 translocation should be 1 red, 1 green, and 1 fusion (yellow) signal in females, and 1 red, 1 green, and 1 negative signal in males; the pattern for intact TFE3 alleles should be 2 fusion (yellow) signals in females and 1 fusion (yellow) signal in males. When the distance between the red and green signals exceeds 1 fusion signal size, it is interpreted as a red-green signal separation. A case was scored as positive if at least 10% of 100 scored nuclei showed a split signal pattern.

RESULTS

Clinical features

The clinical and pathological data for all 26 cases are summarized in Table 2. We enrolled 26 patients, including 17 females and 9 males. The median patient age was 50 years (range, 26–77 years). Of the 26 patients, 23 had liver-occupying lesions, 2 had hepatic hemangioma, and 1 had hepatic hamartoma. Six patients had a history of liver disease (cysts, hamartoma, or hemangioma). The most common site of tumors was the left hepatic lobe. Sixteen patients underwent extended hepatic lobe resection, eight underwent simple hepatic tumor resection, and two were treated only with the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus (both patients were treated for 8 mo). The clinical symptoms of hepatic PEComa were non-specific. Most patients were admitted to one of our hospitals because of space-occupying lesions in the liver during medical examination, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, or weight loss. During physical examination, the abdomen was soft, with no tenderness or rebound tenderness, occasional contact with the ribs at the liver margin, and no pain in the liver area. Some patients experienced compression pain under the ribs and xiphoid, or in the right abdomen when the tumor involved the caudate lobe, or in the right kidney.

Table 2 Clinicopathological features of the 26 cases of hepatic PEComa.

No.	Sex/age (yr)	Tumor location	Tumor size (cm)	First diagnosis	Treatment	Follow-up (mo) and prognosis
1	F/40	Left lobe	2.5	Left lobe occupying lesion	Left hepatic tumor simple resection	91, favorable prognosis
2	M/57	Left lobe	7.5	Left lobe occupying lesion	Left hepatic tumor simple resection	80, favorable prognosis
3	F/58	Left lobe	8.5	Left lobe occupying lesion	Left hepatic tumor simple resection	79, favorable prognosis
4	F/48	Right lobe	8.0	Right lobe occupying lesion	Right hepatic tumor simple resection	69, favorable prognosis
5	F/64	Right lobe	7.0	Right lobe occupying lesion	Right hepatic tumor simple resection	66, favorable prognosis
6	M/72	Right lobe	8.0	Right lobe occupying lesion	Right hepatic tumor simple resection	59, favorable prognosis
7	F/26	Right lobe	3.0	Right hepatic hamartoma	Extended hepatic lobe resection	55, favorable prognosis
8	M/47	Right lobe	6.5	Right lobe occupying lesion	mTOR inhibitor-sirolimus	51, favorable prognosis
9	F/47	Left lobe	5.5	Left lobe occupying lesion	Extended hepatic lobe resection	25, favorable prognosis
10	M/72	Right lobe	8.0	Right lobe occupying lesion	Extended right hepatic lobe resection	57, favorable prognosis
11	F/56	Right lobe	8.0	Right lobe occupying lesion	mTOR inhibitor-sirolimus	32, favorable prognosis
12	F/54	Right lobe	13.0	Left lobe occupying lesion	Extended left hepatic lobe resection	99, favorable prognosis
13	F/41	Caudate lobe	8.0	Caudate lobe occupying lesion	Caudate hepatic tumor simple resection	98, favorable prognosis
14	F/46	Left lobe	2.0	Left lobe occupying lesion	Extended left hepatic lobe resection	99, favorable prognosis
15	F/54	Right lobe	8.0	Right hepatic hemangioma	Extended Rright hepatic lobe resection	84, favorable prognosis
16	F/41	Caudate lobe	6.0	Caudate lobe occupying lesion	Extended caudate hepatic lobe resection	87, hepatic pain often occurs after discharge
17	M/45	Right lobe	0.5	Right hepatic hemangioma	Extended hepatic lobe resection	85, favorable prognosis
18	F/66	Right lobe	5.5	Right lobe occupying lesion	Extended hepatic lobe resection	59, favorable prognosis
19	F/43	Right lobe	2.8	Right lobe occupying lesion	Extended hepatic lobe resection	47, favorable prognosis
20	F/41	Left lobe	5.0	Left lobe occupying lesion	Extended hepatic lobe resection	49, reoperation for liver cancer in 2017
21	M/52	Left lobe	7.5	Left lobe occupying lesion	Left hepatic tumor simple resection	48, favorable prognosis
22	F/48	Right lobe	9.5	Right lobe occupying lesion	Extended right hepatic lobe resection	71, favorable prognosis
23	M/58	Left lobe	4.0	Left lobe occupying lesion	Left hepatic tumor simple resection	70, favorable prognosis
24	M/77	Left lobe	4.0	Left lobe occupying lesion	Extended left hepatic lobe resection	47, favorable prognosis
25	M/62	Left lobe	6.5	Left lobe occupying lesion	Extended left hepatic lobe resection	36, favorable prognosis
26	F/45	Left lobe	3.0	Left lobe occupying lesion	Extended left hepatic lobe resection	35, favorable prognosis

Imaging findings

B-ultrasound usually revealed strong echoes in the liver, the boundary was clear, and the internal echo was uneven, suggesting that the liver had substantial space-occupying lesions (data not shown). Plain computed tomography (CT) scans commonly revealed an irregular soft tissue density (Figure 1A). Enhanced scanning in the arterial phase revealed obvious enhancement of the mass edge and of central heterogeneity (Figure 1B). Portal vein scanning revealed a low mass density (Figure 1C). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a solid cystic space in the liver, and tumors had clear boundaries and uneven internal signal (data not shown).

Figure 1 Computed tomography scans of the right hepatic lobe of a 72-year-old male patient with PEComa (patient 10). A: Plain computed tomography scan showing an irregular soft tissue density shadow; B: Enhanced scan showing obvious enhancement of the mass margin and of central heterogeneity in the arterial phase; C: Portal vein scan showing a low mass density.

Macroscopic features

The median tumor diameter was 6.5 cm (range, 0.5-13.0 cm). PEComa tumors were located in the liver parenchyma and were round or oval. The surface was smooth and occasionally highlighted the surface of the liver. The boundary was clear and appeared to be enveloped. Tumors did not invade the surrounding tissue. The cut surface was solid and grayish yellow, had a slightly hard texture, and showed loose necrotic tissue in the center. The liver tissue surrounding the tumor was normal, and the lymph nodes in the hilar region were not swollen. Focal hemorrhage and necrosis were seen in two cases.

Microscopic features

Microscopically, the tumor cells were clearly distinct from normal liver cells, and were largely composed of proliferating epithelioid cells and spindle cells, nested in trabeculae or lamellae. In most cases, the tumor cell nest was surrounded by capillaries. Tumor cells were arranged radially around the thick-walled blood vessels (Figure 2A). Tumor cells were polygonal and cytoplasm was translucent, with heterogeneous eosinophilic particles; tumor nuclei were round or oval, nucleoli were obvious, chromatin was sparse, part of the cells were heteromorphic, and mitotic figures were not common. Collagen fibers were observed in the interstitium and were generally feathery, and a few fibers were accompanied by hemorrhage and necrosis (Figure 2B).

Figure 2 Morphologic appearance of hepatic PEComa. A: Tumor cells consists of proliferating epithelioid cells nested in trabeculae or lamellae and radially arranged around thick-walled vessels (HE, magnification: 100 ×); B: Tumor cells are polygonal, have translucent cytoplasm, and contain uneven eosinophilic granules. Nuclei are round or oval, with a clear nucleolus and sparse chromatin. Interstitial collagen fibers are feathery (HE, magnification, 400 ×); C: Immunoreactivity for HMB45 was detected in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in contrast to normal liver cells, which were negative for this marker (magnification, 100 ×); D: Increased expression of Melan-A was observed in both the cytoplasm and nuclei of carcinoma cells, whereas normal cells displayed lower expression of this marker (magnification, 100 ×); E: Vimentin was detected in the cytoplasm of tumor cells (magnification, 100 ×), whereas normal tissues were negative for this marker (magnification, 100 ×); F: Desmin immunoreactivity was not detected in tumor cells and normal tissues (magnification, 400 ×). Elivision^TM Plus/HRP was used.

Immunohistochemistry findings are summarized in Table 3. Of the 26 cases, 25 were HMB45 (+), usually with multifocal or diffuse distribution and occasionally, with scattered distribution (Figure 2C), 23 were Melan-A (+) (Figure 2D), 22 were SMA (+) (Figure 2E), 20 were VIM (+), and 12 were S-100 (+). Only three cases showed focal staining (1%-5%) for TFE3. All tumors were desmin (–) (Figure 2F). The positive rate for Ki-67 was < 10%. All cases expressed at least one smooth muscle or melanocyte marker. FISH showed that no abnormal TFE3 separation signal was found in 26 cases of hepatic PEComa (Figure 3).

Figure 3 FISH detection of TFE3 gene break-apart in hepatic PEComa. Most of the tumor cells show fused (yellow) signals, and the distance between the red and green signals is less than 1 fusion signal. For each sample, 100 cells were counted. Only less than 10% of tumor cells showed break-apart signals (magnification, 1000 ×).

Table 3 Immunohistochemical features of the 26 cases of hepatic PEComa.

Target protein	Positive cases (n)/total	% Positive
HMB45	25/26	96.2
Melan-A	23/26	88.5
SMA	22/26	83.6
Desmin	1/26*	3.8
S100	14/26	53.8
Hepatocyte	9/26	34.6
Vimentin	20/26	76.9
CD34	18/26	69.2
TFE3	0/26	0
Ki-67 (> 10%)	1/26	3.8

Weakly positive (1%-5%), only scattered cells.

Treatment and follow-up

Sixteen patients underwent extended hepatic lobe resection, eight underwent simple hepatic tumor resection, and two were treated with the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus. During a follow-up period of 25 mo to 99 mo, none of the 26 patients had metastasis or recurrence, and there were no deaths due to the disease. Only two patients with extended liver lobectomy had a poor prognosis (one had postoperative pain in the liver area, and the other was diagnosed with liver cancer 2 years after surgery). There was no difference in patient prognosis between the two surgical treatment methods, and long-term follow-up indicated that the patients went into remission.

DISCUSSION

Hepatic PEComa is a rare mesenchymal tumor derived from pericytes. Ultrasound, CT, and MRI are commonly used for preoperative diagnosis of PEComa. On contrast-enhanced CT, PEComa is characterized by vascular proliferation and arteriovenous connections[5,9,10]. MRI scans have revealed significant enhancement in PEComa in the arterial phase, but not in the portal venous and delayed phases[10]. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is another commonly used diagnostic method, in which the contrast agent characteristically reaches the tumor rapidly and drains the arterial blood rapidly to the vein[11]. However, due to the different proportions of smooth muscle cells, adipose tissue, blood vessels, and rare tumors, the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis is currently low. In our study, only one patient was diagnosed with hepatic PEComa before undergoing surgery.

Martignoni et al[12] defined PEComa as a tumor that is composed mainly of epithelioid cells and is closely associated with dilated blood vessels and contains eosinophils, but not fat cells or disordered blood vessels. The final diagnosis of PEComa currently depends on pathological features and immunohistochemical analysis. Hepatic PEComa is mainly composed of proliferating epithelioid cells and spindle cells. The tumor cells are polygonal, have translucent cytoplasm, and contain eosinophilic particles, and thick-walled blood vessels are visible in the tumors. Epithelioid cells are arranged radially around thick-walled blood vessels. Feather-like collagen fibers are visible. Nearly all PEComas have specific immunological characteristics, with melanocyte markers (e.g., HMB-45 and/or melan-A) and smooth muscle markers (e.g., SMA) being strongly expressed[11,13], whereas desmin, hepatocyte-specific antigen, and TFE3 are generally negative. In this study, 25 cases were HMB-45 (+), 17 were SMA (+), and only 3 showed focal staining (1%-5%) for TFE3.

TFE3 is a member of the MiTF family of transcription factors. A recent study[14] showed that TFE3 gene rearrangements occur in approximately 14% of PEComas. Similar to other TFE3 translocation-associated tumors, TFE3 (+) PEComa usually exhibits an acinar structure and epithelioid cell morphology, shows aggressive biological behavior, and has a poor prognosis. PSF-TFE3 gene fusion has been detected in gastrointestinal tract PEComa, but fusion partners in other cases remain unknown[15]. In this study, TFE3 expression was weak and detected in only three patients with small tumors and typical morphological PEComa images, and was associated with a low malignancy and good prognosis. Moreover, no break-apart of the TFE3 gene was detected by FISH method. Whether there is a TFE3 fusion gene still needs to be confirmed by subsequent studies. This suggests that liver PEComa may be less malignant than PEComas in other organs.

PEComas are mainly benign tumors[16] that usually do not recur after surgical resection; however, some are malignant, and their biological behavior has not been fully elucidated. In 2005, Folpe et al[17] reviewed 26 cases of PEComa of soft tissue and gynecological origin, and suggested to classify PEComa into benign, uncertain malignant potential, and malignant. Further, the authors proposed seven evaluation criteria for PEComa malignancies: (1) Tumor size > 5 cm; (2) Infiltration and growth into surrounding normal tissue; (3) High nuclear grade; (4) Excessive cells; (5) Mitotic figures in > 1/50 high-power fields; (6) Coagulative necrosis of tumor; and (7) Vascular invasion. PEComas with two or more of these features are considered to be malignant, and tumors with only nuclear polymorphism, multinucleated giant cells, or tumors > 5 cm in size are considered to have malignant potential[18].

Because of the rare disease types and the scarcity of cases, treatment plans for hepatic PEComa can only be developed based on statistical analysis of a small number of cases. Surgical resection currently is the main means of treating hepatic PEComa. In clinical practice, surgical methods are usually selected based on the tumor size and on whether the tumor is benign or malignant. Larger and malignant tumors are removed by extended hepatic lobe resection, whereas simple hepatic tumor resection is used for smaller or benign tumors. In this study, the 26 cases showed clinical and biological manifestations of inertness, and no morphological criteria for malignant PEComa. Sixteen patients underwent extended hepatic lobe resection, eight underwent simple hepatic tumor resection, and two received sirolimus. The survival rate of the patients treated with the three different modalities was good, and there was no significant difference among the treatments. Hepatic pain complications were reported only in a few cases with extended lobe resection. It has been reported that when the tumor diameter is less 5 cm, resection can be suspended or regular follow-up suffices[18].

Current data do not support that chemo- or radio-therapy improves the survival time in patients with PEComa[12]; however, sirolimus is expected to improve outcomes either when used alone or in combination with other treatments[4,10,19,20]. A 31-year-old woman with hepatic PEComa showed a significant reduction in tumor volume after 8 mo of treatment with sirolimus[19]. After subsequent surgical resection, there were no complications and the prognosis was favorable. This suggests that hepatic PEComa has a better prognosis when surgery is combined with chemotherapy[13,14]. In addition, Wagner et al[21] treated three patients with PEComa with sirolimus and found that the tumors responded to the drug, suggesting that sirolimus can be used alone or in combination to treat PEComa. Italiano et al[22] reported similar efficacy in a number of cases. However, large-scale clinical trials are needed. Numerous previous studies and this study showed that hepatic PEComa displays an inert biological behavior. However, due to the heterogeneous nature of PEComa, the existing diagnostic criteria cannot accurately determine the nature of this tumor, which has led to overtreatment in some cases. In addition, because the nature of hepatic PEComa is not entirely clear, there is no standard treatment, and it is difficult to develop an optimal treatment plan. Therefore, clinical observation and follow-up of more cases, and the establishment of a clinical online registration system for hepatic PEComa are needed to provide clinical data for future exploration of the differentiation and distribution of the disease and the development of more accurate diagnostic criteria.

CONCLUSION

Hepatic PEComa is a rare mesenchymal tumor that exhibits an inert biological behavior, and its diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up are challenging. Our study of 26 cases of hepatic PEComa revealed that there was no difference in the prognosis between simple resection of liver tumor and extended resection of liver lobe. Optimal surgical resection currently is the best treatment option, and radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy may become more effective in future[4,9]. The number of cases in the current retrospective study was limited by the rarity of hepatic PEComa. Therefore, further multicenter, larger-cohort studies are warranted to investigate the clinicopathological features and biological behavior of hepatic PEComa.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) is an uncommon tumor of mesenchymal origin. Cases of PEComa in the liver are extremely rare.

Research motivation

Cases of PEComa in the liver are extremely rare, and surgical resection currently is the most effective therapeutic strategy to cure patients or prolong the survival period. In this study, the clinical and pathological features, immunohistochemical phenotypes, and information on treatment modalities of 26 cases of hepatic PEComa were collected, and the effects of different surgical methods on prognosis were evaluated to provide information for the guidance of clinical treatment.

Research objectives

We aimed to analyze the clinicopathological features and treatment of hepatic PEComa and to evaluate the prognosis after different treatments.

Research methods

Clinical and pathological data of 26 patients with hepatic PEComa were collected. All cases were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and clinical follow-up.

Research results

This study included 17 females and 9 males, with a median age of 50 years. Lesions were located in the left hepatic lobe in 13 cases, in the right lobe in 11, and in the caudate lobe in 2. The median tumor diameter was 6.5 cm. Light microscopy revealed that the tumor cells were mainly composed of epithelioid cells. The cytoplasm contained heterogeneous eosinophilic granules. There were thick-walled blood vessels, around which tumor cells were radially arranged. Immunohistochemical analysis of pigment-derived and myogenic markers in PEComa tumors revealed that 25 cases were HMB45 (+), 23 were Melan-A (+), and 22 SMA (+). TFE3 and Desmin were negative in all cases. All the FISH samples were negative for TFE3 gene break-apart probe. Tumor tissues were collected by extended hepatic lobe resection or simple hepatic tumor resection as the main treatments. Median follow-up was 62.5 mo. None of the patients had metastasis or recurrence, and there were no deaths due to the disease.

Research conclusions

Hepatic PEComa is a rare mesenchymal tumor that exhibits an inert biological behavior, and its diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up are challenging. Our study of 26 cases of hepatic PEComa revealed that there was no difference in the prognosis between simple resection of liver tumor and extended resection of liver lobe. Optimal surgical resection currently is the best treatment option, and radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy may become more effective in future.

Research perspectives

The number of cases in the current retrospective study was limited by the rarity of hepatic PEComa. Therefore, further multicenter, larger-cohort studies are warranted to investigate the clinicopathological features and biological behavior of hepatic PEComa.