Proton pump inhibitor use increases mortality and hepatic decompensation in liver cirrhosis

Table 2 Mortality risk of proton pump inhibitor users by landmark periods and cumulative dose exposure

Periods	Number of patients	Adjusted HR (95%CI)	P value
6-mo landmark: (-3 to +6 mo)	Non-user = 57 PPI user = 238	Ref 2.10 (1.20-3.67)	0.009
3-mo landmark: (-3 to +3 mo)	Non-user = 71 PPI user = 261	Ref 1.36 (0.90-2.06)	0.143
9-mo landmark: (-3 to +9 mo)	Non-user = 42 PPI user = 221	Ref 3.44 (1.50-7.85)	0.003
Variable Dose Exposure	Number of patients	Adjusted HR (95%CI)	P value
6-mo landmark: (-3 to +6 mo)
Non-user	57	Ref
cDDD 28-90	18	1.34 (0.48-3.73)	0.579
cDDD 91-180	27	2.27 (1.10-5.14)	0.038
cDDD > 180	193	2.08 (1.17-3.61)	0.011
3-mo landmark: (-3 to +3 mo)
Non-user	71	Ref
cDDD 28-90	24	1.49 (0.74-3.03)	0.266
cDDD 91-180	34	2.04 (1.13-3.07)	0.019
cDDD > 180	203	1.33 (0.87 – 2.03)	0.188
9-mo landmark : (-3 to + 9 mo)
Non-user	42	Ref
cDDD 28-90	20	4.02 (1.33-12.12)	0.013
cDDD 91-180	22	3.38 (1.17 – 9.82)	0.025
cDDD > 180	179	3.52 (1.53 – 8.09)	0.003

HR: Hazard ratio (with propensity score adjustment); CI: Confidence interval; cDDD: Cumulative defined daily dose; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.