Berberine prevents stress-induced gut inflammation and visceral hypersensitivity and reduces intestinal motility in rats

Figure 5 Effects of berberine on cytokine protein levels. Cytokine protein levels in the control group, water avoidance stress (WAS) group, rifaximin group, 25 mg/kg berberine (BBR) group, and 100 mg/kg BBR group are shown. Letters a, b, c, and d; P < 0.05 compared with those in the control group, WAS group, 25 mg/kg BBR group, and rifaximin group, respectively. WAS: Water avoidance stress; BBR: Berberine; IL: Interleukin; IFN: Interferon; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β.