Observational Study Open Access
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2018. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Nov 7, 2018; 24(41): 4708-4715
Published online Nov 7, 2018. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i41.4708
Willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening in Guangzhou
Qin Zhou, Yan Li, Hua-Zhang Liu, Ying-Ru Liang, Guo-Zhen Lin, Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, Guangdong Province, China
ORCID number: Qin Zhou (0000-0003-3637-8518); Yan Li (0000-0002-6126-5868); Hua-Zhang Liu (0000-0002-1122-8145); Ying-Ru Liang (0000-0003-2020-1769); Guo-Zhen Lin (0000-0003-2113-2363).
Author contributions: Zhou Q, Li Y, Liu HZ, and Lin GZ conceived of and designed the study; Zhou Q and Liang YR performed the data collection, statistical analyses, and data interpretation; Zhou Q drafted the manuscript; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, No. 2016A030313504; and Guangzhou Science and Technology Program Key Project, No. 201707010205.
Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the Guangzhou Center of Disease Control and Prevention.
Informed consent statement: Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.
Conflict-of-interest statement: There are no conflicts of interest to report.
Data sharing statement: We declare that the datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-checklist of items.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Qin Zhou, MD, Occupational Physician, Research Scientist, Staff Physician, Statistical Worker, Technician, Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1, Qide Road, Baiyun district, Guangzhou 510440, Guangdong Province, China. zhouq@gzcdc.org.cn
Telephone: +86-20-36055856 Fax: +86-20-37431722
Received: July 23, 2018
Peer-review started: July 23, 2018
First decision: August 27, 2018
Revised: September 1, 2018
Accepted: October 5, 2018
Article in press: October 5, 2018
Published online: November 7, 2018

Abstract
AIM

To measure the willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening in Guangzhou, and to identify those factors associated with it.

METHODS

A face-to-face questionnaire survey for pre-screening population from free and non-free colonoscopy districts was used to collect information on demographic characteristics, health behaviours, the intention of the cancer screenings and willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening. A total of 1243 participants who took part in the pre-screening for colorectal cancer in Guangzhou were collected in the study. Categorical data were compared using the χ2 test to analyse significant differences. Non-conditional logistic regression and multi-class logistic regression were also performed for multivariate analysis and to estimate the odds ratios.

RESULTS

The percentage of participants willing to pay for colorectal cancer screening was 91.7%. “Unnecessary” was the dominant reason that participants gave for their unwillingness, accounting for 63.1%. Of those who were willing to pay, 29.2%, 20.7%, 14.8%, 13.0% and 22.4% of participants were willing to pay less than \100, \100-\199, \200-299, \300-\399 and more than \400, respectively. Non-logistic regression analysis showed that respondents who were male, had a high level of education, were from the family with more children/older to raise, and accepted colorectal cancer screening were willing to pay for this screening. Multi-class logistic regression analysis showed that respondents with higher annual household income per capita, from government and private enterprises, government agency/institution and peasants, and less family medical expenditure were willing to pay more.

CONCLUSION

Willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening in Guangzhou is high, but the amount of willing to pay is not much.

Key Words: Colorectal cancer, Screening, Willingness to pay, Guangzhou, Factor

Core tip: The uptake of colorectal cancer screening is very important for the screening effect. For a mass screening program, however, it is not possible to offer the screenings free of charge. This study was conducted to measure the willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening in Guangzhou and to identify those factors associated with it. There were 1243 participants collected in the study. The percentage of participants willing to pay for colorectal cancer screening was high, but the amount of willing to pay was not much, and less than the cost of colonoscopy.



INTRODUCTION

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and the second in females worldwide[1]. In urban China, the incidence of CRC ranks the third highest of all cancers, and the mortality ranks fourth[2]. Both the crude incidence and the age-standardized rate increased during the period of 2003-2007 in urban areas of China[3,4]. The incidence and mortality were 36.46/105 and 16.11/105 in Guangzhou in 2013, respectively, ranking second and third of all the sites[5].

Colorectal cancer screening could improve the early diagnosis rate and decrease the mortality of colorectal cancer[6]. Faecal occult-blood test (FOBT) and colonoscopy are the most common screening methods in China and worldwide[7-9]. In China, there are few cities such as Shanghai and Tianjin where population-based screening for colorectal cancer has been carried out[10,11]. Guangzhou has carried out screening for colorectal cancer in the community since 2015[12]. However, the compliance with colonoscopy was only 17.63% in 2015[13]. And the uptake of colonoscopy using it in areas with free colonoscopy was higher than that in areas that charged for colonoscopy (20.27% vs 10.70%)[13].

The uptake of colonoscopy is very important for the screening effect[14]. For a mass screening program, however, it is not possible to offer the screenings free of charge. Accordingly, the study of a participant’s willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening is very important. Few studies about willingness to pay exist in China. This study was designed to measure willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening in Guangzhou and to identify those factors associated with willingness to pay.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data source

A face-to-face questionnaire survey for pre-screening population from free and non-free colonoscopy districts was used to collect information on demographic characteristics, health behaviours, the intention of the cancer screenings and willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening. A total of 1243 participants who took part in the pre-screening for colorectal cancer in Guangzhou were collected in the study. The analysis included 1240 respondents. The willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening and the factors associated with it were evaluated. In this study, colorectal cancer screening consisted of questionnaire risk assessment and FOBT, followed by colonoscopy for the positive participants.

Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants. In addition, the individuals mentioned in this manuscript provided their written informed consent to publish their case details. The ethics committee of the Guangzhou Center of Disease Control and Prevention approved this study proposal.

Statistical analysis

Categorical data were compared using the χ2 test to analyse significant differences. Non-conditional logistic regression and multi-class logistic regression were performed for multivariate analysis and to estimate the odds ratios (ORs). The software including Epidata 3.1 and SPSS statistics 21 (IBM SPSS software) was used for data inputting, checking and statistical analyses. A two-sided P-value < 0.05 was determined as statistically significant.

RESULTS

Characteristics of the 1240 participants are presented in Table 1. The median age of participants was 64 years (inter-quartile range: 59-68 years). A total of 34.7% and 25.2% of the participants were male and had less than 6 years of education, respectively. Additionally, 16.9% and 93.2% of the participants were from government/private enterprises and had medical insurance. In sum, 91.9% of the participants were married. A total of 38.9% of participants had no children/older to raise. The medians of the annual income per capita, annual household income per capita and family medical expenditure were 30000 (inter-quartile range: 15000-45000), 27500 (inter-quartile range: 15000-40000) and 5000 (inter-quartile range: 2000-10000), respectively. The acceptance for colorectal cancer screening was 95.6%.

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of participants in the pre-screening for colorectal cancer in Guangzhou.
VariableNumber of participants (n = 1240)%VariableNumber of participants (n = 1240)%
GenderMarital status
Male43034.7Married113391.9
Female81065.3Single/divorced/widowed1008.1
Age (yr)The number to be raised in family
< 6567954.8047838.9
≥ 6556145.21-256445.9
Education (yr)≥ 318815.3
≤ 631225.2Annual income per capita (RMB: Yuan)
7-1274860.5≤ 3000062450.8
> 1217714.3> 3000060449.2
OccupationAnnual household income per capita (RMB: Yuan)
Government and private enterprises41233.4≤ 3000068856.9
Government agency/institution13711.1>3000052143.1
Peasant19816.1Family medical expenditure (RMB: Yuan)
Unemployed20816.9≤ 500072859.4
Other27822.5> 500049840.6
Health care statusAcceptance of colorectal cancer screening
The urban residents' medical insurance38832.3Yes118495.6
Medical insurance for public health care/urban employees73260.9No554.4
Other816.7

The portion of participants willing to pay for colorectal cancer screening was 91.7% (Table 2). “Unnecessary” was the dominant reason given for unwillingness, accounting for 63.1%. The next was “Examination is painful”, accounting for 32.0%. In addition, 29.2%, 20.7%, 14.8%, 13.0% and 22.4% of participants were willing to pay less than \100, \100-\199, \200-\299, \300-\399 and more than \400, respectively.

Table 2 Willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening of participants in Guangzhou.
VariableNumber of participants (n = 1240)%
Would you like to pay for colorectal cancer screening?
Yes113791.7
No1038.3
Reason for "No"
The cost is unbearable1211.7
Unnecessary6563.1
No time76.8
Examination is painful3332
Others76.8
If you want, how much would you like to pay for it? (RMB: Yuan)
< 10033129.2
100-19923520.7
200-29916814.8
300-39914713
≥ 40025422.4

Univariate analysis showed that respondents who were male, had a high level of education, were from a government agency/institution, were married, had more children/older in the household, and accepted colorectal cancer screening were more willing to pay for colorectal cancer screening (Table 3). Univariate analysis also showed that respondents who were male, had a high level of education, were from a government agency/institution, had medical insurance for public health care/urban employees, had more annual income per capita, and had more annual household income per capita were willing to pay more for colorectal cancer screening (Table 4).

Table 3 Factors influencing willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening of participants in Guangzhou.
VariableWilling to pay n (%)Not willing to pay n (%)χ2P value
Gender4.410.036
Male404 (94.0)26 (6.0)
Female733 (90.5)77 (9.5)
Age (yr)1.250.264
< 65628 (92.5)51 (7.5)
≥ 65509 (90.7)52 (9.3)
Education (yr)11.530.003
≤ 6272 (87.5)39 (12.5)
7-12690 (92.6)55 (7.4)
> 12169 (95.5)8 (4.5)
Occupation26.56< 0.001
Government and private enterprises386 (93.7)26 (6.3)
Government agency/institution134 (97.8)3 (2.2)
Peasant181 (91.4)17 (8.6)
Unemployed194 (93.3)14 (6.7)
Other236 (84.9)42 (15.1)
Marital status4.710.03
Married1045 (92.2)88 (7.8)
Single/divorced/widowed86 (86.0)14 (14.0)
Health care status2.930.231
Urban residents' medical insurance363(93.6)25 (6.4)
Medical insurance for public health care/urban employees665 (90.8)67 (9.2)
Other76 (93.8)5 (6.2)
The number to be raised in family12.630.002
0422 (88.3)56 (11.7)
1-2527 (93.4)37 (6.6)
≥ 3179 (95.2)9 (4.8)
Annual income per capita (RMB: Yuan)2.120.146
≤ 30000570 (91.3)54 (8.7)
> 30000565 (93.5)39 (6.5)
Annual household income per capita (RMB: Yuan)0.300.587
≤ 30000632 (91.9)56 (8.1)
> 30000483 (92.7)38 (7.3)
Family medical expenditure (RMB: Yuan)3.490.062
≤ 5000663 (91.1)65 (8.9)
> 5000468 (94.0)30 (6.0)
Acceptance of colorectal cancer screening63.33< 0.001
Yes1102 (93.1)82 (6.9)
No34 (61.8)21 (38.2)
Table 4 Factors influencing fees to pay for colorectal cancer screening of participants in Guangzhou.
Variable< 200 Yuan n (%)200-399 Yuan n (%)≥ 400 Yuan n (%)χ2P value
Gender7.740.005
Male177 (43.8)127 (31.4)100 (24.8)
Female389 (53.2)188 (25.7)154 (21.1)
Age (yr)2.410.121
< 65327 (52.2)165 (26.3)135 (21.5)
≥ 65239 (47.0)150 (29.5)119 (23.4)
Education (yr)20.53< 0.001
≤ 6150 (55.1)74 (27.2)48 (17.6)
7-12350 (50.9)190 (27.6)148 (21.5)
> 1261 (36.1)51 (30.2)57 (33.7)
Occupation38.85< 0.001
Government and private enterprises163 (42.2)108 (28.0)115 (29.8)
Government agency/institution54 (40.3)37 (27.6)43 (32.1)
Peasant104 (57.8)39 (21.7)37 (20.6)
Unemployed121 (62.4)46 (23.7)27 (13.9)
Other119 (50.6)85 (36.2)31 (13.2)
Marital status0.250.618
Married518 (49.7)287 (27.5)238 (22.8)
Single/divorced/widowed43 (50.0)28 (32.6)15 (17.4)
Health care status21.57< 0.001
Urban residents' medical insurance217 (59.9)83 (22.9)62 (17.1)
Medical insurance for public health care/urban employees298 (44.9)195 (29.4)171 (25.8)
Other34 (44.7)26 (34.2)16 (21.1)
The number to be raised in family3.210.201
0200 (47.5)116 (27.6)105 (24.9)
1-2260 (49.4)150 (28.5)116 (22.1)
≥ 397 (54.2)49 (27.4)33 (18.4)
Annual income per capita (RMB: Yuan)39.46< 0.001
≤ 30000328 (57.6)156 (27.4)85 (14.9)
> 30000236 (41.8)159 (28.2)169 (30.0)
Annual household income per capita (RMB: Yuan)86.03< 0.001
≤ 30000385 (61.0)160 (25.4)86 (13.6)
> 30000172 (35.7)147 (30.5)163 (33.8)
Family medical expenditure (RMB: Yuan)0.130.722
≤ 5000333 (50.2)173 (26.1)157 (23.7)
> 5000231 (49.6)140 (30.0)95 (20.4)
Acceptance of colorectal cancer screening2.370.124
Yes545 (49.5)304 (27.6)251 (22.8)
No20 (58.8)11 (32.4)3 (8.0)

Non-logistic regression analysis showed that female respondents, respondents with other professions compared with unemployed, and those who were reluctant to accept colorectal cancer screening were unwilling to pay for colorectal cancer screening. Those with a high level of education and from the family with more raised persons were willing to pay for colorectal cancer screening (Table 5).

Table 5 Non-logistic regression analysis of unwillingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening of participants in Guangzhou.
VariableBSEWalsP-valueOR (95%CI)
Gender
Male1.00
Female0.600.284.490.0341.82 (1.05-3.15)
Education (yr)
≤ 61.00
7-12-0.820.297.920.0050.44 (0.25-0.78)
> 12-0.910.493.450.0630.40 (0.16-1.05)
Occupation
Unemployed1.00
Government and private enterprises0.520.411.590.2081.67 (0.75-3.74)
Government agency/institution-0.960.811.380.2400.38 (0.08-1.90)
Peasant-0.150.460.100.7500.86 (0.35-2.13)
Other1.330.3911.420.0013.78 (1.75-8.18)
The number to be raised in family
01.00
1-2-0.690.267.000.0080.50 (0.30-0.84)
≥ 3-0.880.395.040.0250.41 (0.19-0.89)
Acceptance of colorectal cancer screening
Yes1.00
No2.020.3631.85< 0.0017.52 (3.73-15.16)

Multi-class logistic regression analysis showed that respondents with less annual household income per capita were willing to pay less than \200 rather than more than \400, and the participants from government and private enterprises, government agencies/institutions and peasants were willing to pay more than \400 rather than \200 compared with unemployed. It also showed that respondents with less annual household income per capita, less annual income per capita, and other professions were willing to pay \200-\399 rather than more than \400, and the participants with less family medical expenditure were willing to pay more than \400 rather than \200-399 (Table 6).

Table 6 Multi-class logistic regression analysis of payment fees for colorectal cancer screening of participants in Guangzhou.
VariableBSEWalsP-valueOR (95%CI)
< 200 (RMB: Yuan)
Occupation
Unemployed1.00
Government and private enterprises-0.870.298.850.0030.42 (0.24, 0.74)
Government agency/institution-0.810.365.230.0220.44 (0.22, 0.89)
Peasant-1.150.3411.590.0010.32 (0.16, 0.61)
Other-0.170.330.270.6070.84 (0.44, 1.61)
Annual household income per capita (RMB: Yuan)
> 300001.00
≤ 300001.180.2033.310.0003.25 (2.18, 4.85)
200-399 (RMB: Yuan)
Family medical expenditure (RMB: Yuan)
> 50001.00
≤ 5000-0.400.194.650.0310.67 (0.47, 0.96)
Occupation
Unemployed1.00
Government and private enterprises-0.150.330.210.6470.86 (0.45, 1.64)
Government agency/institution-0.190.390.240.6220.82 (0.38, 1.78)
Peasant-0.630.392.650.1030.53 (0.25, 1.14)
Other0.740.364.200.0402.11 (1.03, 4.29)
Annual household income per capita (RMB: Yuan)
> 300001.00
≤ 300000.470.224.470.0351.60 (1.04, 2.48)
Annual income per capita (RMB: Yuan)
> 300001.00
≤ 300000.560.235.730.0171.75 (1.11, 2.76)
DISCUSSION

Colorectal cancer screening is a significantly effective method of decreasing the mortality from colorectal cancer[6]. Currently, many countries around the world have carried out population-based colorectal cancer screening programs[15-17]. However, the rate of participating in the screening was relatively low, which significantly influences the effect of screening[18-19]. It is very important for population-based colorectal cancer screening to improve compliance. However, it is unrealistic for a mass population to be screened free of charge, and willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening was quite an important influencing factor of compliance. Our study regarding willingness to pay was necessary in this context.

Our study determined that the percentage of people willing to pay for colorectal cancer screening was 91.7%. It was higher than Shi’s study reporting 85.5% in urban China[20], Kwak’s 76% in women in Korea[21], Mohd Suan’s 37.5% in Malaysia[22], and Ho’s 30% in Boston[23]. And it was similar to Harewood’s study in Ireland[24]. It appeared that willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening in Guangzhou was relatively high. But only 35.4% of participants would be willing to pay more than \300, and only 22.4% of participants would pay more than \400. However, the cost of a hospital colonoscopy is typically over \350. And the cost of screening includes the cost of colonoscopy, questionnaire survey, and FOBT. Therefore, the amount that respondents were willing to pay was lower than the actual cost of screening.

This study showed that respondents of male gender and those with a high level of education were more willing to pay for colorectal cancer screening and would pay more than female respondents and those with a low level of education. In addition, the participants from government agencies/institutions and those with higher income and less family medical expenditure were willing to pay more for colorectal cancer screening. Generally, males were willing to spend more than females. In addition, the awareness of health was much better among people with more education and those who were working in a government agency/institution. Furthermore, the status of household income and expenditure significantly affected commodity purchasing power. These findings were similar to Frew’s study in which those with higher income and of male gender were more willing to pay for screening[25] and Kwak’s study in which as the status of education and income were higher, the average amount that women were willing to pay became much more, but old age was associated with a lower willingness to pay[21]. However, Moreno showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the responses of males and females, or in the responses of individuals of different races or different ages regarding test features[26]. Respondents who accepted the screening were more willing to pay for colorectal cancer screening. The acceptance was a prerequisite for the willingness to pay.

In general, willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening in Guangzhou was high, but the amount that participants were willing to pay was low. To move forward with the population-based screening, it is necessary to strengthen publicity, increase awareness of screening and contemplation of participation. On the other hand, it was suggested that the government should raise the budget for the colorectal cancer screening program, subsidise the participants and bring the colorectal cancer screening into the outpatient medical insurance system, thereby increasing the intake rate of screening.

The present study has some limitations. First, the respondents were from the population taking part in colorectal cancer primary screening. The representation of the sample was not very good. Second, the amount that participants were willing to pay was semi-quantitative. It may influence the quantitative assessment and needs to improve in future research.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background

Colorectal cancer was the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and the second in females worldwide. And colorectal cancer screening could improve the early diagnosis rate and decrease the mortality of colorectal cancer. However, the compliance of screening was lower than 20%. And the uptake of colonoscopy in areas with free colonoscopy was higher than that in charged colonoscopy area. For mass screening program, it was not possible to be free of charge. Accordingly, the study of willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening was very important.

Research motivation

Because previous studies of willingness to pay for colorectal cancer are few in China, the study of willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening is very important for further health economics evaluation. The main topics of our study were to measure willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening in Guangzhou, and to identify those factors associated.

Research objectives

The objective of our study was to figure out the willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening, and to analyze those factors associated. This is very important for improving the uptake of colorectal cancer and developing screening strategies for the government

Research methods

A total of 1243 participants who took part in the prescreening of colorectal cancer in Guangzhou were collected in the study. A face-to-face questionnaire survey for pre-screening population from free and non-free colonoscopy districts was used to collect information on demographic characteristics, health behaviours, the intention of the cancer screenings and willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening. A total of 1240 respondents were included in the analysis. The willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening and the factors associated with it were evaluated.

Research results

The portion of willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening in Guangzhou was 91.7%. “Unnecessary” was the dominant reason of unwillingness, accounting for 63.1%. There were 29.2%, 20.7%, 14.8%,13.0% and 22.4% of participants who were willing to pay less than ¥100, ¥100-¥199, ¥200-¥299, ¥300-¥399 and more than ¥400, respectively. Non-logistic regression analysis showed that respondents of male, with a high level of education, from the family with more raised persons, and accepting colorectal cancer screening were willing to pay for colorectal cancer screening. Multi-class logistic regression analysis showed that respondents with higher annual household income per capita, from government and private enterprises, government agency/institution and peasants, and with less family medical expenditure were willing to pay more.

Research conclusions

The study has concluded that willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening in Guangzhou was high, but the amount of willing to pay was low, and less than the cost of colonoscopy. In order to move forward the population-base screening, it was necessary to strengthen publicity, increase awareness of screening, raise the budget of screening program for government and bring the colorectal cancer screening into outpatient medical insurance system.

Research perspectives

In this study, the respondents were from the population taking part in colorectal cancer primary screening. The representative of the sample was not very good, and the amount of willing to pay was semi-quantitative. It may influence the quantitative assessment. These need to be improved in the later research, measure the quantitative value of willingness to pay for Chinese, and improve parameters for health economics evaluation of colorectal cancer screening.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to acknowledge all staff in the Guangzhou and 12 district Colorectal Cancer Screening Program offices.

Footnotes

Manuscript source: Unsolicited manuscript

Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology

Country of origin: China

Peer-review report classification

Grade A (Excellent): 0

Grade B (Very good): B

Grade C (Good): 0

Grade D (Fair): 0

Grade E (Poor): 0

P- Reviewer: Bordonaro M S- Editor: Wang XJ L- Editor: Wang TQ E- Editor: Yin SY

References
1.  Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65:87-108.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 18694]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 20810]  [Article Influence: 2312.2]  [Reference Citation Analysis (1)]
2.  He J, Chen WQ.  Chinese cancer registry annual report, 2016. 1st ed. Beijing: Tsinghua university press 2017; 76-78.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
3.  Zhao P, Chen WQ, Kong LZ.  Cancer incidence and mortality in China (2003-2007). 1st ed. Beijing: Military Medical Science Press 2012; 66-78.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
4.  Chen WQ, Zheng RS, Zhang SW, Zeng HM, Zou XN. The incidences and mortalities of major cancers in China, 2010. Chin J Cancer. 2014;33:402-405.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 8]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 53]  [Article Influence: 5.3]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
5.  Liu HZ, Lin GZ.  Guangzhou cancer registry annual report, 2015-2016. 1st ed. Guangzhou: Yangcheng Evening News Press 2017; 23-27.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
6.  Shaukat A, Mongin SJ, Geisser MS, Lederle FA, Bond JH, Mandel JS, Church TR. Long-term mortality after screening for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1106-1114.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 552]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 587]  [Article Influence: 53.4]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
7.  Vleugels JL, van Lanschot MC, Dekker E. Colorectal cancer screening by colonoscopy: putting it into perspective. Dig Endosc. 2016;28:250-259.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 21]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 23]  [Article Influence: 2.9]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
8.  Benton SC, Seaman HE, Halloran SP. Faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer screening: the past or the future. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2015;17:428.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 12]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 9]  [Article Influence: 1.0]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
9.  Bretthauer M. Colorectal cancer screening. J Intern Med. 2011;270:87-98.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 87]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 87]  [Article Influence: 6.7]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
10.  Zheng Y, Gong YM. Research and Practice of Screening for Colorectal Cancer in Population of Shanghai. China Cancer. 2013;86-89.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
11.  Ma DW, Zhao LZ, Zhang XP, Zhang QH, Yu L, Wang HT, Zhou Y, Meng LX, Zhao R. Analysis of colorectal cancer screening practices and effects of natural population of Tianjin city. Chin J Colorec Dis. 2014;3:46-48.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
12.  Zhou Q, Shen JC, Liu HZ, Lin GZ, Li Y. The Practice Research of Colorectal Cancer Screening Program in Community Population of Guangzhou City. China Cancer. 2016;25:418-421.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
13.  Li Yan, Liu HZ, Lin GZ, Liang YR, Wang SX, Li K, Xu H. Results of colorectal cancer screening in Guangzhou, 2015. China caner. 2016;25:422-425.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
14.  Subramanian S, Klosterman M, Amonkar MM, Hunt TL. Adherence with colorectal cancer screening guidelines: a review. Prev Med. 2004;38:536-550.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 190]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 183]  [Article Influence: 9.2]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
15.  Saito H. Colorectal cancer screening using immunochemical faecal occult blood testing in Japan. J Med Screen. 2006;13 Suppl 1:S6-S7.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
16.  CDC. Vital Signs: Colorectal cancer screening,incidence and mortality-United States, 2002-2010.  Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6026a4.htm?s_cid=mm6026a4_w.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
17.  Zavoral M, Suchanek S, Majek O, Fric P, Minarikova P, Minarik M, Seifert B, Dusek L. Colorectal cancer screening: 20 years of development and recent progress. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:3825-3834.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in CrossRef: 36]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 40]  [Article Influence: 4.0]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
18.  Yoon M, Kim N, Nam B, Joo J, Ki M. Changing trends in colorectal cancer in the Republic of Korea: contrast with Japan. Epidemiol Health. 2015;37:e2015038.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 15]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 15]  [Article Influence: 1.7]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
19.  Mao A, Dong P, Yan X, Hu G, Chen Q, Qiu W. [Cost analysis of the colorectal neoplasm screen program in Beijing]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2015;49:387-391.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
20.  Shi J, Huang H, Guo L, Ren J, Ren Y, Lan L, Zhou Q, Mao A, Qi X, Liao X, Liu G, Bai Y, Cao R, Liu Y, Wang Y, Gong J, Li N, Zhang K, He J, Dai M; Health Economic Evaluation Working Group of the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC). [Acceptance and willingness-to-pay for colorectal colonoscopy screening among high-risk populations for colorectal cancer in urban China]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2015;49:381-386.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
21.  Kwak MS, Sung NY, Yang JH, Park EC, Choi K. [Women’s willingness to pay for cancer screening]. J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39:331-338.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
22.  Mohd Suan MA, Mohammed NS, Abu Hassan MR. Colorectal Cancer Awareness and Screening Preference: A Survey during the Malaysian World Digestive Day Campaign. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16:8345-8349.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 6]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 9]  [Article Influence: 1.1]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
23.  Ho W, Broughton DE, Donelan K, Gazelle GS, Hur C. Analysis of barriers to and patients’ preferences for CT colonography for colorectal cancer screening in a nonadherent urban population. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195:393-397.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 24]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 26]  [Article Influence: 1.9]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
24.  Harewood GC, Murray F, Patchett S, Garcia L, Leong WL, Lim YT, Prabakaran S, Yeen KF, O’Flynn J, McNally E. Assessment of colorectal cancer knowledge and patient attitudes towards screening: is Ireland ready to embrace colon cancer screening? Ir J Med Sci. 2009;178:7-12.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 8]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 7]  [Article Influence: 0.4]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
25.  Frew E, Wolstenholme JL, Whynes DK. Willingness-to-pay for colorectal cancer screening. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:1746-1751.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 54]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 57]  [Article Influence: 2.5]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
26.  Moreno CC, Weiss PS, Jarrett TL, Roberts DL, Mittal PK, Votaw JR. Patient Preferences Regarding Colorectal Cancer Screening: Test Features and Cost Willing to Pay Out of Pocket. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2016;45:189-192.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 3]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 3]  [Article Influence: 0.3]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]