Long-term outcomes of endoscopic resection for small (≤ 4.0 cm) gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria layer

Abstract

AIM

To evaluate the long-term efficacy of endoscopic resection (ER) for small (≤ 4.0 cm) gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) originating from the muscularis propria layer.

METHODS

Between June 2005 and February 2015, we retrospectively analyzed 229 consecutive patients with gastric MP-GISTs who underwent ER with a follow-up at least 36 mo. The main outcome measurements included complete resection rate, complications, and long-term follow-up outcomes.

RESULTS

ER included endoscopic muscularis excavation in 179 cases, endoscopic full-thickness resection in 32 cases, and submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection in 18 cases. The median size of GISTs was 1.90 cm. Of the 229 GISTs, 147 were very low risk, 72 were low risk, 8 were intermediate risk, and 2 were high risk. Short-term outcomes showed the complete resection rate was 96.5%, and 8 patients (3.5%) had complications. Of the 8 patients with complications, only one patient required surgical intervention. Long-term outcomes showed 225 patients were actively followed-up until composition of this manuscript. The remaining 4 patients were lost because of unrelated death. During the follow-up period (median, 57 mo), no residual, recurrent lesions, or distant metastasis were detected in any patients. Binary logistic regression analysis showed tumor size was a risk factor associated with a high mitotic index (≥ 5/50 HPF) of GISTs (P = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

ER seems to be an effective and safe method for gastric MP-GISTs ≤ 4.0 cm, and, for some intermediate or high risk GISTs, adjuvant therapy and/or additional surgery might be required to reduce the risk of recurrence or metastasis.

Key Words: Endoscopic resection, Endoscopic full-thickness resection, Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection, Gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors, Long-term outcomes

Core tip: The long-term effectiveness of endoscopic resection for small (≤ 4.0 cm) gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria layer (MP-GISTs) still remains debatable. In our study, we included a larger sample size with a longer follow-up period to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of ER for gastric MP-GIST. Long-term outcomes showed 225 patients were actively followed-up until composition of this manuscript. The remaining 4 patients were lost because of unrelated death. During the follow-up period (median, 57 mo), no residual, recurrent lesions, or distant metastasis were detected in any patients. Endoscopic resection seems to be an effective and safe method for gastric MP-GISTs ≤ 4.0 cm, and, for some intermediate or high risk GISTs, adjuvant therapy and/or additional surgery might be required to reduce the risk of recurrence or metastasis.

INTRODUCTION

Recently, endoscopic resection (ER) has become one of the prevailing treatments for small (≤ 4.0 cm) gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria layer (MP-GISTs), in many countries[1-6]. However, its long-term effectiveness still remains debatable. Some surgeons have posited that ER can result in insufficient margins that would likely increase the risk of tumor recurrence or implantation metastasis. Thus, laparoscopic wedge resection (LWR) is still recommended for treating small gastric MP- GISTs[7-9]. Nevertheless, LWR is associated with a number of serious long-term complications. Especially when the tumor is located near or in the gastric cardia or pylorus, resection of the gastric cardia or pylorus might lead to irreparable damage to the cardioesophageal sphincter or pylori sphincter, leaving patients prone to certain diseases associated with digestive fluid reflux[7,9,10].

Although recurrent tumors or implantation metastasis events were extremely rare according to the available literature where ER has been used for small gastric MP-GISTs, such study series were relatively small or only had a short follow-up period of less than 36 mo[2,11-14]. Since June 2005, our endoscopy center has been using ER for small (≤ 4.0 cm) upper gastrointestinal subepithelial tumors originating from the muscularis propria layer (MP-SETs). Up to December 2017, we had completed 1021 cases of ER for small (≤ 4.0 cm) upper gastrointestinal MP-SETs. Within those 1021 cases, we selected 229 consecutive patients who had gastric MP-GISTs less than 4.0 cm with at least 36 mo of follow-up after ER, and demonstrated the long-term safety and efficacy of ER for this type of tumor.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study design and patients

This retrospective cohort study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College. Data from patients with gastric MP-GISTs who underwent ER were reviewed between June 2005 and February 2015 at the Information Systems Department of Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province. Patients were included if they met all of the following criteria: (1) The patient had a gastric MP-GIST that was diagnosed histopathologically as a GIST after ER; (2) the tumors were 1.0-4.0 cm in size and did not exhibit bleeding, ulceration, or scarring; and (3) the patient had no evidence of lymph node metastasis assessed by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) or computed tomography (CT) examination preoperatively and also did not have other malignant tumors. According to the inclusion criteria, 229 consecutive patients with gastric MP-GISTs were included. Before the endoscopic procedure, informed consent was obtained from all patients in accordance with the institutional protocol.

Endoscopic procedures

ER included endoscopic muscularis excavation (EME), endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR), and submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection (STER). Between June 2005 and July 2011, patients with gastric MP-GISTs usually were treated by EME. If the tumor had the characteristic of extensive connection to the underlying MP or serosal layer, EFTR was performed to resect it completely. Since August 2011, if the tumor was located in the cardia, the proximal body, or fundus of the stomach near the cardia where a submucosal tunnel can be established, we applied the STER technique to resect it[1].

All ER procedures were performed under general anesthesia by a highly skilled endoscopist (LPY) in the operating room. The basic equipment and accessories included a single-channel endoscope (Q-260 J, Olympus) and/or a dual-channel endoscope (GIF-2T240, Olympus), an electrosurgical generator (ICC 200; ERBE, Tübingen, Germany), argon plasma coagulation (APC 300, ERBE), and a carbon dioxide insufflator (Olympus Optical).

When performing EME, injection solution (100 mL saline plus 2 mL indigo carmine and 1 mL epinephrine) was used to make a submucosal elevation after placing marking several dots around the tumor. A cross or circumferential mucosal incision was made to reveal the lesion with a hook knife (KD-620LR; Olympus), and then a circumferential resection was performed along the edge of the lesion until the lesion was completely excavated from the muscularis propria (MP) layer with an insulated-tip knife (KD-611L, IT2; Olympus) or a hybrid knife (ERBE)[15].

When performing EFTR (Figure 1), several dots and a submucosal elevation were made similar to the EME procedure, and then a circumferential incision was made along the marking dots until the intraluminal side of the lesion was fully revealed. Subsequently, a small puncture was first made in the seromuscular layer of the lesion with an insulated-tip knife (KD-611L, IT2; Olympus), and then the resection was continuously performed along the puncture. A snare resection was made to completely remove the lesion after three-quarters of the circumference of the tumor was resected. Finally, the gastric wall defect was closed with several clips and an endoloop or an over-the-scope clip (OTSC) after tumor removal[15].

Figure 1 Endoscopic full-thickness resection for a gastrointestinal stromal tumors located in the gastric fundus. A: Endoscopy showed a SET was located in the gastric fundus; B: EUS showed the same tumor mainly bulged into the extraluminal space and had an extensive connection to the MP layer of the stomach; C: The tumor, including its underlying MP and serosa, was resected; D and E: The gastric wall defect was closed using clips combined with an endoloop; F: The resection specimen was a 2.7 cm tumor; G: Immunohistochemistry showed that CD117 was present in most tumor cells (original magnification × 100); H: Mitotic figures could be found easily (original magnification × 400). EUS: Endoscopic ultrasonography.

When performing STER (Figure 2), the lesion was first marked by submucosal injection of methylene blue, and then a 2 cm longitudinal mucosal incision was made 5 cm above the lesion with a hook knife (KD-620LR, Olympus), which was used as the entry point. Subsequently, a submucosal tunnel was created between the submucosal and muscular layers to the lesion using a hybrid knife, and the lesion was excavated from the MP layer through the submucosal tunnel until complete lesion separation. Lastly, the mucosal incision site was closed with clips after adequate hemostasis and tumor removal[15].

Figure 2 Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection for a gastrointestinal stromal tumors located in the gastric cardia. A: Endoscopy showed a SET was located in the gastric cardia; B: EUS showed the same tumor mainly bulged into the extraluminal space and had an extensive connection to the MP layer of the stomach; C: The tumor was resected from the MP layer via submucosal tunneling; D and E: The mucosal incision site was closed with several clips after tumor removal; F: The resection specimen was a 2.4 cm tumor; G: Immunohistochemistry showed that CD34 was present in most tumor cells (original magnification × 100); H: Mitotic figures could not be found (original magnification × 400). EUS: Endoscopic ultrasonography.

Outcome measurements

The main measurements of this study were divided into two parts: short-term outcomes and long-term outcomes. Short-term outcomes included complete resection and complications. Complete resection refers to tumors removed en bloc with no apparent residual tumor at the resection site and with negative margins upon pathologic examination[1]. In this study, complications were identified as perioperative bleeding, delayed bleeding, localized peritonitis, or perforation requiring surgical intervention. Perforation that did not require surgical intervention and could be closed by endoscopic methods was not considered a complication[2]. Long-term outcomes included rates of local recurrence and distant metastasis in patients who were followed up for more than 3 years. Local recurrence was defined as the identification of a lesion located on or adjacent to the scar of the previous ER, which was subsequently confirmed via biospy[1].

Follow-up

All 229 patients were included in a prospectively maintained database at the Medical Information Centre of Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province. Every patient with a gastric MP-GIST was examined with gastroscopy to check for wound healing at 3 mo and 6 mo after ER, and every patient also underwent EUS to check for residual lesions at 3 mo. Subsequently, gastroscopy and/or EUS was performed to look for local recurrent lesions, and abdominal ultrascan and/or CT were used to check distant metastasis every year, indefinitely.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). For descriptive statistics, the mean was used in the case of a normal distribution of variables, whereas the median (interquartile range) was used for variables with a skewed distribution. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to test for effect associations among independent variables and a high mitotic index (5/50 HPF) of GISTs. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Patient and tumor characteristics

A total of 229 consecutive patients with gastric MP-GISTs were included in this study (143 females, 86 males; mean age 54.9 ± 10.8 years old). As displayed in Table 1, 29 GISTs were located in the gastric cardia, 118 in the gastric fundus, 72 in the gastric body, and 10 in the antrum. The median size of GIST specimens was 1.90 cm (interquartile range 1.55-2.40 cm). All 229 GISTs had a low-level echo, including a homogeneous echo in 197 cases and an inhomogeneous echo in 32 cases.

Table 1 Demographic and clinicopathologic features of 229 gastric MP-GISTs n (%).

Parameters	Endoscopic resection (n = 229)
Age (yr), mean ± SD	54.9 ± 10.8
Gender
Male	86
Female	143
Tumor size (cm), median (interquartile range)	1.90 (1.55-2.40)
Tumor location
Cardia	29 (12.7)
Fundus	118 (51.5)
Body	72 (32.1)
Antrum	10 (3.3)
Tumor growth pattern
Intraluminal growth	178 (77.7)
Extraluminal growth	51 (22.3)
EUS characteristics
Homogeneous echo	197 (86.0)
Inhomogeneous echo	32 (14.0)
Mitotic index
< 5/50 HPF	219 (95.6)
5-10/50 HPF	8 ( 3.5)
≥ 10/50 HPF	2 ( 0.9)
NIH risk classification
Very low	147 (64.2)
Low risk	72 (31.4)
Intermediate risk	8 ( 3.5)
High risk	2 ( 0.9)

EUS: Endoscopic ultrasonography.

219 out of 229 GISTs had a mitotic count of < 5 per 50 high-power fields, 8 out of 229 GISTs had a count of 5-10 per 50 high-power fields, and 2 out of 229 GISTs had a count of ≥ 10 per 50 high-power fields. According to the NCCN guidelines[16], 147 GISTs were very low risk, 72 were low risk, 8 were intermediate risk, and 2 were high risk.

Treatment outcomes

In this study, 179 GISTs were treated with EME, 32 GISTs were treated with EFTR, and 18 GISTs were treated with STER. The mean time of ER procedure was 52.8 ± 16.1 min. Complete resection by ER was achieved in 221 lesions (96.5%). Among the other 8 GISTs without complete resection, 3 GISTs were resected in one piece during EME technique, but the tumor margin could not be evaluated definitively because of electrocautery, and the other 5 GISTs were resected piecemeal during the EME procedure. Of the 8 GISTs, 5 were located in the gastric fundus and 3 in the gastric body. The size of these GISTs in diameter was ranged 2.7 cm to 3.6 cm. According to the NCCN guidelines, these 8 GISTs were all low risk. Because those patients were unwilling to accept the potential risk of the surgery, further surgical resection was not performed after pathological examination. The median time from endoscopic treatment to a no-residue diet was 4 d (range 1-10 d, interquartile range 3-6 d). The median length of hospital stay after ER was 5 d (range 1-14 d, interquartile range 3-7 d).

Complications

In this study, 8 patients had complications (3.5%, 8/229), including 5 patients with perioperative bleeding (2.2%, 5/229), 2 patients with localized peritonitis (0.9%, 2/229), and one patient with delayed bleeding (0.4%, 1/229). Of the 8 patients with complications, only one patient with perioperative bleeding was converted to laparoscopic surgery (0.4%), and the other 7 patients were managed successfully by endoscopic methods and conservative treatment (gastrointestinal decompression, the intravenous infusion of antibiotics and esomeprazole). No patients had other serious complications.

Long-term outcomes

In this study, 225 out of 229 patients with gastric MP-GISTs were actively followed-up until composition of this manuscript. The remaining 4 patients were lost to follow-up because of unrelated death. Two patients with very low risk GISTs died of cordis and cerebral accident at 53 and 86 mo post-endoscopic procedure, respectively. Another patient with a low risk GIST died of pneumonia at 47 mo, and the last patient with a very low risk GIST died from traffic-accident at 59 mo.

The median follow-up period after ER was 57 mo (range 36-132 mo; interquartile range 46-71 mo. In this study, 2 patients with high-risk GISTs took imatinib mesylate to prevent recurrence or metastasis, whereas the other 8 patients with intermediate-risk GISTs were unable to take imatinib mesylate because they were unable afford the medication. During the follow-up period, no residual, recurrent lesions, or distant metastasis were detected in any patients, including 8 patients without complete resection. Furthermore, all 229 patients who underwent ER maintained their previous quality of life.

Risk factors associated with a high mitotic index (≥ 5/50 HPF) of GISTs

Risk factors analyzed included: Age (≤ 40 years old, 41-60 years old, 60 years old), gender (male, female), tumor size (< 2.0, 2.0-3.0, and ≥ 3.0 cm), tumor location (antrum with an OR value defined as 1, compared with body, fundus, and cardia), and tumor growth pattern (intraluminal, extraluminal). Among the analyzed factors, tumor size was the only risk factor associated with a high mitotic index (≥ 5/50 HPF) of GISTs (OR = 6.675; 95%CI: 2.047-21.771; P = 0.002; Table 2).

Table 2 Risk factors associated with a high mitotic index (5/50 HPF) of gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

	High mitotic index (> 5/50 HPF)
	Odds ratio	95%CI	P value
Age, yr (≤ 40, 40 to ≤ 60, and > 60)	-	-	0.756
Gender (male, female)	-	-	0.982
Tumor size, cm (< 2.0, 2.0-3.0, and ≥ 3.0)	6.675	2.047-21.771	0.002
Tumor location (cardia, fundus, body, and antrum)	-	-	0.505
Tumor growth pattern (intraluminal, extraluminal)	-	-	0.069

DISCUSSION

Gastric MP-GISTs are among the most common gastric MP-SETs, which account for about 13.0%-71.4% of all gastric SETs[1,5,10,17,18]. A proportion of gastric MP-GISTs are known to possess some degree of malignant potential, which usually cannot be diagnosed accurately before surgical or endoscopic removal. Resection is often recommended because it not only provides an accurate diagnosis, but also may be curative if the lesion is removed completely[10,15]. Currently, ER is being increasingly used for gastric MP-GIST removal. However, additional evidence is required to support the long-term effectiveness of ER for the treatment of gastric GISTs. Compared with the published studies, our study included a larger sample size with a longer follow-up period to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of ER for gastric MP-GIST, which would increase the evidence and support for the use of ER to treat/remove gastric MP-GISTs.

Short-term outcomes of this study showed complete resection by ER was achieved in 221 lesions (96.5%), and complications occurred in 8 patients (3.5%), including 5 patients with perioperative bleeding (2.2%), 2 patients with localized peritonitis (0.9%), and one patient with delayed bleeding (0.4%, 1/229). Among the 8 patients with complications, only one patient with perioperative bleeding required a conversion to laparoscopic surgery. No patients had other serious complications. These short-term outcomes were consistent with previously published findings from a number studies evaluating the use of ER for the treatment of gastric GISTs[2,4,11,12,14]. According to these short-term outcomes, ER is a feasible treatment for gastric MP-GISTs.

The risk of local recurrence associated with ER for gastric GISTs was a major concern of some surgeons. Recently, a number of studies using ER to treat gastric GISTs have shown that the recurrence rate ranged from 0 to 6.7% (Table 3)[2-4,11-14,19]. In 3 of these studies with a mean/median follow-up period of ≥ 36 mo, the recurrence rate ranged between 2.2% and 6.7%[3,4,19]. In our study, no patient experienced a local recurrence or distant metastasis during a median follow-up period of 57 mo. Some differences in the rate of recurrence might be explained by the single-center retrospective design, different inclusion criteria applied in different studies, different pathologic risk grades of gastric GISTs, and different ER methods performed in different endoscopic centers.

Table 3 Detailed information of studies evaluating endoscopic resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Author	Publication year	Study design	Case n	Endoscopic procedure	Tumor size, mean ± SD (cm)	Pathologic risk grade, n	Complete resection n (%)	surgical intervention n (%)	Recurrence n (%)	Follow-up (mo)
Feng et al[14]	2015	RS	50	Endoscopic resection	< 2	MI ≤ 5, 41 MI > 5, 9	NA	1 (2.0)	0	321 (12-65)
Shen et al[13]	2015	RS	32	ER	1.70 ± 0.36	Very low, 9 low, 18 intermediate, 3 high, 2	32 (100)	1 (3.1)	1 (3.1)	31.51 (2-53)
Joo et al[4]	2016	RS	90	ESD, 72 STER, 8 EMR, 7 EFTR, 2 Polypectomy, 1	2.3 ± 1.2	Very low, 45 Low, 28 Intermediate, 1 High, 6	88 (97.8)	5 (5.6)	2 (2.2)	46.0 ± 28.5
Tan et al[21]	2017	RS	52	STER, 20 EFTR, 32	STER, 17.8 ± 7.2; EFTR, 15.4 ± 6.6	Low, 26 Intermediate, 26	En bloc 50 (96.2)	1 (1.9)	1 (1.9)	10.9 ± 7.8 23.8 ± 18.6
An et al[11]	2017	RS	168	ESD	1.51 (0.5-6)	Very low, 117 Low, 37 Intermediate, 14	En bloc 168 (100)	0	0	251 (6-67)
Balde et al[18]	2017	RS	30	ESD	1.51 (1.0-1.8)	Very low, 22 Low, 4 Intermediate, 4	27 (90.0)	NA	2 (6.7)	57.9 (± 28.9)
Meng et al[19]	2017	RS	75	ESD	1.44 ± 0.67	NA	NA	NA	2 (2.7)	3.3 yr1 1-7 yr
Andalib et al[2]	2018	RS	12	EN, 5 EFTR, 7	2.41 (1.0 - 5.0)	Low, 11 Intermediate, 1	11 (91.7)	0	0	121 (6.5-24)
This study	-	RS	229	EME, 179 EFTR, 32 STER, 18	1.901 (1.0-4.0)	Very low, 147 Low, 72 Intermediate, 8 High, 2	221 (96.5)	1	0	571 (46-71)

¹Median. RS: Retrospective; ER: Endoscopic resection; ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection; STER: Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection; EMR: Endoscopic mucosal resection; EN: Endoscopic enucleation; EME: Endoscopic muscularis excavation; EFTR: Endoscopic full-thickness resection; MI: Mitotic index.

Complete resection might be a key factor associated with a low recurrence rate in patients with gastric GISTs. Our experience of complete resection for gastric MP-GISTs can be concluded as follows. First, the tumor size of gastric MP-GISTs might be no more than 4.0 cm in diameter. When the tumor size is > 4 cm in diameter, it is very difficult to remove the tumor en bloc with an endoscopic approach, because of the limitations of the cardia and esophagus space[1,2]. Meanwhile, larger tumor size is associated with certain disadvantages, such as a narrower endoscopic view, higher complication rate, and longer endoscopic resection time. Therefore, in our endoscopy center, surgical resection still is the first choice for patients with gastric GISTs > 4 cm. Second, the tumor capsule must be kept intact during ER. Submucosal injection solution was repeatedly injected into the surrounding tissue, which allowed for the differentiation of the MP layer from the tumor mass, which avoided tumor capsule rupture when making a circular resection around the lesion. Third, the tumor should be assessed by EUS and CT before ER. For some lesions with high risk features (irregular border, cystic spaces, echogenic foci, and internal heterogeneity) identified on EUS or metastasis confirmed by CT, ER is absolutely contraindicated. Finally, EFTR is recommended when the gastric MP-GIST has extraluminal growth or is tightly connected to the underlying MP or serosal layer.

According to several previous studies, the mitotic index is an important prognostic factor for GISTs[4,13,20]. Several previous studies reported that even small GISTs (< 2.0 cm) have malignant potential with a high mitotic index[4,13]. In this study, we found 8 out of 229 GISTs had an index of 5-10 per 50 high-power fields, and 2 out of 229 GISTs had an index of ≥ 10 per 50 high-power fields. Subsequently, we analyzed the risk factors associated with the high mitotic index (≥ 5/50 HPF) and found that tumor size was significantly and independently related to a high mitotic index (OR = 6.675, P = 0.002). Thus, tumor size is still another important factor associated with the malignant potential of small gastric GISTs, which might affect the long term prognosis of patients with gastric GISTs. For some GISTS, classified as intermediate or high risk, adjuvant therapy (imatinib mesylate, etc.) and/or additional surgery are recommended to reduce the risk of recurrence after ER[21,22].

However, this study had a few limitations. First, this is a single-center, retrospective cohort study, and a selection bias may be present, even though the data were collected from a prospectively maintained database. Second, the lack of randomization might be another factor contributing to selection bias. Third, 4 out of 229 patients discontinued follow-up because of unrelated death. Finally, our institution is a tertiary endoscopic center in Zhejiang Province, and all endoscopic operations were performed by an experienced endoscopist. Thus, the results in this study might not apply to all centers. Therefore, a randomized, controlled, multicenter study is needed to evaluate the safety of ER for small (≤ 4.0 cm) gastric GISTs.

In conclusion, ER might be an effective and safe therapeutic method for patients with gastric MP-GISTs ≤ 4.0 cm, and for some patients with intermediate or high risk GISTs, adjuvant therapy (imatinib mesylate, etc.) and/or additional surgery might be required to reduce the risk of recurrence.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

The long-term effectiveness of endoscopic resection for small gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria layer (MP-GISTs) still remains debatable.

Research motivation

A larger sample size with a longer follow-up period were included to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of ER for gastric MP-GIST

Research objectives

Evaluate the long-term efficacy of ER for small gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria layer.

Research methods

We retrospectively analyzed 229 consecutive patients with gastric MP-GISTs who underwent ER with a follow-up at least 36 mo, between June 2005 and February 2015. The main outcome measurements included complete resection rate, complications, and long-term follow-up outcomes.

Research results

The outcomes showed that 225 patients were actively followed-up. The remaining 4 patients were lost because of unrelated death. During the follow-up period, no residual, recurrent lesions, or distant metastasis were detected in any patients.

Research conclusions

Endoscopic resection seems to be an effective and safe method for gastric MP-GISTs ≤ 4.0 cm, and for some intermediate or high risk GISTs, adjuvant therapy might be required to reduce the risk of recurrence or metastasis.

Research perspectives

Endoscopic resection might be an effective and safe therapeutic method for patients with gastric MP-GISTs ≤ 4.0 cm, and for some patients with intermediate or high risk GISTs, adjuvant therapy (imatinib mesylate, etc.) and/or additional surgery might be required to reduce the risk of recurrence.