Application of enhanced recovery after gastric cancer surgery: An updated meta-analysis

Abstract

AIM

To provide an updated assessment of the safety and efficacy of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols in elective gastric cancer (GC) surgery.

METHODS

PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, World Health Organization International Trial Register, and Cochrane Library were searched up to June 2017 for all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing ERAS protocols and standard care (SC) in GC surgery. Thirteen RCTs, with a total of 1092 participants, were analyzed in this study, of whom 545 underwent ERAS protocols and 547 received SC treatment.

RESULTS

No significant difference was observed between ERAS and control groups regarding total complications (P = 0.88), mortality (P = 0.50) and reoperation (P = 0.49). The incidence of pulmonary infection was significantly reduced (P = 0.03) following gastrectomy. However, the readmission rate after GC surgery nearly tripled under ERAS (P = 0.009). ERAS protocols significantly decreased the length of postoperative hospital stay (P < 0.00001) and medical costs (P < 0.00001), and accelerated bowel function recovery, as measured by earlier time to the first flatus (P = 0.0004) and the first defecation (P < 0.0001). Moreover, ERAS protocols were associated with a lower level of serum inflammatory response, higher serum albumin, and superior short-term quality of life (QOL).

CONCLUSION

Collectively, ERAS results in accelerated convalescence, reduction of surgical stress and medical costs, improved nutritional status, and better QOL for GC patients. However, high-quality multicenter RCTs with large samples and long-term follow-up are needed to more precisely evaluate ERAS in radical gastrectomy.

Key Words: Enhanced recovery after surgery, Safety, Gastric cancer, Efficacy, Meta-analysis

Core tip: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) has emerged as an optimal perioperative strategy for improving clinical outcomes in gastric cancer surgery. However, numerous controversies exist with regard to ERAS practice after gastrectomy. To our knowledge, this study is the largest meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to date, incorporating 1092 participants, of whom 545 received ERAS protocols and 547 received standard care, to assess the role of ERAS for radical gastrectomy. Our review clarified that ERAS results in accelerated convalescence, reduction of surgical stress and medical costs, improved nutritional status, and better quality of life for gastric cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS), or fast-track surgery program, which was pioneered by Kehlet and Wilmore in the late 1990s, intends to attenuate surgical stress and accelerate postoperative functional recovery[1,2]. ERAS protocols involve a series of perioperative evidence-based interventions, the core elements of which include preoperative short fasting and carbohydrate-loaded fluids, intraoperative epidural anesthesia, minimally invasive procedures and fluid restriction, postoperative pain management, nutritional care and early ambulation[3-5]. Multimodal optimizing perioperative procedures were explored initially in the setting of elective colorectal resections, resulting in a significant reduction in overall hospital stay from 8-12 d to 2-5 d under the standard discharge criteria for conventional care[6,7]. Since then, ERAS concepts have become widely recognized and applied gradually to clinical practice. Currently, accumulating evidence highlights that the implementation of ERAS protocols in multiple surgical disciplines significantly reduces morbidity and mortality, while improving clinical outcomes without compromising patient safety[8-10].

Gastric cancer (GC) remains a major health problem in China and worldwide, and radical gastrectomy remains the most likely approach to cure GC. However, conventional perioperative care is associated with a high risk of morbidity after radical surgery, ranging from 12.5% to 39%[11-13]. Moreover, due to malnutrition of patients with gastric neoplasms and chronic comorbidities, perioperative mortality can reach up to 8.8%[14]. Postoperative complications result in prolonged inflammatory response, which is considered to have a negative influence not only on the overall survival (OS) but also on the disease-specific mortality of patients undergoing gastrectomy, even if the carcinoma is radically resected[15].

Given the strong evidence and recommendations for colorectal cancer, the application of ERAS protocols for gastrectomy procedures has been investigated in several studies[16-19]. ERAS principles combined with laparoscopic treatment for GC lead to satisfactory clinical outcomes[20-22], even in elderly patients[23,24]. Several meta-analyses have revealed that ERAS pathways in GC patients reduce the duration of hospital stay and medical costs without significantly increasing complications and hospital readmission[25-28], and the ERAS Society issued consensus guidelines for perioperative care after elective gastrectomy for GC in 2014[29].

However, there still remain numerous controversies, limitations and difficulties in ERAS practice after gastrectomy. Following the recent publication of two related high-level randomized controlled trials (RCTs)[22,30], we conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to thoroughly assess the safety and efficacy of ERAS application in GC patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Literature search

A comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, World Health Organization International Trial Registry platform, and Cochrane Library was performed, until June 2017, independently to identify all available publications comparing the ERAS program with standard perioperative care (SC) for GC patients undergoing gastrectomy. The medical subject heading (MeSH) terms and free text terms searched for, individually and in combination, were as follows: “fast track surgery” OR “accelerated rehabilitation” OR “enhanced recovery” OR “ERAS” OR “multimodal perioperative care” AND “gastric cancer” OR “stomach carcinoma” OR “gastrectomy” OR “gastric resection.” This search strategy was able to identify all potential publications involving humans, without language restriction. Reference lists of all eligible articles were also scrutinized to identify any other related studies. Furthermore, bibliographies of systematic reviews or meta-analyses on this issue were hand-searched for additional articles that the electronic retrieval failed to capture.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The inclusion criteria for this study were: (1) evaluation of ERAS in comparison with traditional SC; (2) RCTs; (3) detailed patient data and outcomes available; (4) ERAS protocols composed of at least eight elements from consensus guidelines[29]; and (5) follow-up for at least 14 d after discharge. When more than one study reporting the same patient cohort was included in several publications, only the most recent or complete study was included.

The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) non-comparative studies; (2) case-controlled trials, cohort studies, or retrospective studies; (3) application of less than eight items of ERAS; (4) no follow-up after discharge; and (5) other documentations that did not meet the inclusion criteria.

Study selection and data extraction

Following identification of citations from all potentially eligible studies, two investigators independently retrieved the full-text articles according to the inclusion criteria. Any discrepancies or divergences concerning inclusion were settled through discussion with a third reviewer until consensus was reached.

Data were extracted using a double-extraction method from each eligible study by the two investigators. Outcomes included morbidity, mortality, rates of readmission and reoperation, length of postoperative hospital stay (POHS), duration of flatus and defecation, medical costs, and postoperative inflammatory response and nutritional status, such as determined by serum C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and serum albumin (ALB) concentrations.

Assessment of risk of bias

Another two investigators separately assessed the quality of identified RCTs using the criteria addressed in the Cochrane Collaboration[31]. The evaluation indices contained several aspects across randomization, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting, and other bias. Risk of bias in each domain listed was graded as “high risk,” “low risk,” or “unclear.”

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the software package Review Manager Version 5.3.3 (Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark) and STATA version 12 (Stata Corp LP, College Station, TX, United States). Pooled risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was utilized to analyze dichotomous data, while continuous data were analyzed as mean differences (MDs) with 95%CIs. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the chi-square test, for which P < 0.1 was considered statistically significant. The I² value was used to quantify the impact of heterogeneity on each analysis. If the test of heterogeneity was statistically significant, the random-effects model was used; otherwise, a fixed-effects model was used. When the study did not report specific values for mean and standard deviation (SD), these were estimated using median and range based on the methods previously described[32]. In short, the median was used as a substitute for the mean. When the sample size was greater than 70, SD was estimated as range/6, and when the sample size was 15-69, SD was calculated as range/4. In the case where the interquartile range (IQR) was available, the range was estimated to be the median ± IQR.

RESULTS

Included studies

The flow chart for the selection of literature according to the predefined retrieval strategies is shown in Figure 1. Ten studies[21-24,30,33-37] published between 2010 and 2017 met the inclusion criteria. Two studies[24,34] consisted of four groups comparing ERAS protocols and SC in laparoscopic or open radical gastrectomy, respectively, for stomach cancer, while another[23] comprised four groups comparing ERAS protocols and SC in adults (aged 45-74 years) or elderly individuals (aged 75-89 years) undergoing open gastrectomy for GC. These three studies were considered to be six independent studies with reference to previous reports[26,28]. Consequently, 13 RCTs from these 10 studies were included in the current systematic review and meta-analysis.

Figure 1 Study flow diagram: Enhanced recovery after surgery in gastric cancer. ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery; RCTs: Randomized controlled trials.

Characteristics and methodological quality

The main characteristics of the included studies are detailed in Table 1. All studies were from a single center involving a total of 1092 participants, of whom 545 underwent the ERAS protocol and 547 received SC treatment. The sample size ranged from 41 to 256, and four studies contained more than 100 patients[22,23,30,33]. Table 2 lists the relevant elements involved in these studies regarding the implementation of ERAS pathways based on the consensus conducted in RCTs. Surgical procedures for GC with curative intent involved proximal gastrectomy, distal gastrectomy, and total gastrectomy. These included studies were implemented predominantly in Asia (China, South Korea, and Japan). Assessment of the risk of bias across all included studies is presented in Figure 2, most of which were of moderate quality. Blinding was the main risk of bias among these RCTs, as it was not easy to comply with double blinding in such procedural trials.

Table 1 Main characteristics of the included studies.

Study	Year	Sample size		Age in yr		Sex, male/female		Approach	Neoadjuvant chemotherapy	Follow-up(d)
		ERAS	SC	ERAS	SC	ERAS	SC
Abdikarim et al[21]	2015	30	31	63 ± 12	62 ± 11	21/9	20/11	Lap	No	30
Bu et al[23]-Adult	2015	64	64	62.4 ± 7.8	63.0 ± 7.4	31/33	35/29	Open	No	30
Bu et al[23]-Elderly	2015	64	64	80.1 ± 4.0	79.6 ± 3.5	37/27	40/24	Open	No	30
Chen Hu et al[34]-Lap	2012	19	22	59 (49-71)	62.5 (45-72)	10/9	10/12	Lap	No	28
Chen Hu et al[34]-Open	2012	21	20	62.5 (45-72)	64.5 (49-75)	9/12	12/8	Open	No	28
Feng et al[33]	2013	59	60	55.0 ± 11.4	55.8 ± 10.1	41/18	44/16	Open	No	28
Kim et al[35]	2012	22	22	52.6 ± 11.6	57.5 ± 14.5	13/9	15/7	Lap	-	14
Liu et al[36]	2010	33	30	60.7 ± 9.7	61.9 ± 8.3	18/15	16/14	Open	No	30
Liu et al[24]-Lap	2016	21	21	69.2 ± 5.1	70.3 ± 5.8	10/11	12/9	Lap	No	30
Liu et al[24]-Open	2016	21	21	67.8 ± 3.9	68.6 ± 4.9	9/12	11/10	Open	No	30
Mingjie et al[22]	2017	73	76	61 (40-75)	63 (35-75)	48/25	50/26	Lap	No	30
Tanaka et al[30]	2017	73	69	68 (29-85)	67 (44-85)	49/24	49/20	Lap/Open	No	30
Wang et al[37]	2010	45	47	58.8 ± 9.7	56.9 ± 9.1	32/13	29/18	Open	No	28

ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery; Lap: laparoscopic surgery; Open: Open surgery; SC: Standard care.

Table 2 Elements of enhanced recovery after surgery protocol applied in the included studies.

Study	Year	No bowel preparation	Carbohydrate loading	No routine use of abdominal drainage	Fluid restriction	Pain management	Early mobilization	Early feeding	Others	No. of ERAS elements
Abdikarim et al[21]	2015	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	11
Bu et al[23]	2015	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	14
Chen Hu et al[34]	2012	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	13
Feng et al[33]	2013	-	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	9
Kim et al[35]	2012	Yes	Yes	-	-	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	10
Liu et al[36]	2010	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	12
Liu et al[24]	2016	Yes	Yes	-	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	11
Mingjie et al[22]	2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	13
Tanaka et al[30]	2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	-	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	22
Wang et al[37]	2010	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	14

ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery.

Figure 2 Risk of bias summary: Review of authors' judgments concerning each risk-of-bias item for each included study.

Postoperative morbidity and short-term mortality

Total complications: No significant difference was demonstrated between ERAS and the control group in the 13 RCTs regarding the incidence of total complications following gastrectomy (RR: 1.03, 95%CI: 0.73-1.44, P = 0.88) (Figure 3 and Table 3), but there was significant heterogeneity among these studies (χ² = 47.12, I² = 75%, P < 0.00001). In five RCTs reporting a laparoscopic approach for GC[21,22,24,34,35], no significant difference in postoperative morbidity was found between the ERAS and SC groups (RR: 1.44, 95%CI: 0.93-2.23, P = 0.10), and no heterogeneity was observed (χ² = 2.18, P = 0.70; I² = 0). Similarly, in the open surgery RCTs[23,24,33,34,36,37], ERAS pathways did not increase the surgical complications (RR: 1.05, 95%CI: 0.68-1.63, P = 0.81), and significant heterogeneity was observed (χ² = 31.10, P < 0.0001; I² = 81%). However, three RCTs in the elderly[23,24] demonstrated that the incidence of complications was significantly higher in the ERAS arm than in the SC arm (RR: 1.45, 95%CI: 1.23-1.70, P < 0.00001), and no heterogeneity was found in the elderly (χ² = 1.51, P = 0.47; I² = 0).

Table 3 Evaluation of the complications or outcomes in enhanced recovery after surgery vs standard care groups in the included studies.

Subgroup	Studies, n	Participants, n	Statistical method	Effect estimate	Heterogeneity
					I2	P value
Total complications	13	1092	Risk ratio (M-H, random, 95%CI)	1.03 [0.73, 1.44]	75%	< 0.00001
Anastomotic leak	10	964	Risk ratio (M-H, random, 95%CI)	1.36 [0.54, 3.45]	0	0.50
Ileus	12	1048	Risk ratio (M-H, random, 95%CI)	1.62 [0.75, 3.52]	0	0.57
Incision infection	11	1007	Risk ratio (M-H, random, 95%CI)	0.79 [0.39, 1.60]	0	0.87
Urinary tract infection	9	699	Risk ratio (M-H, random, 95%CI)	0.53 [0.26, 1.08]	0	0.99
Pulmonary infection	9	775	Risk ratio (M-H, random, 95%CI)	0.52 [0.28, 0.94]	0	0.99
Postoperative hospital stay	13	1092	Mean difference (IV, random, 95%CI)	-1.65 [-2.09, -1.21]	89%	< 0.00001
Duration of first flatus	11	882	Mean difference (IV, random, 95%CI)	-12.70 [-19.71, -5.69]	92%	< 0.00001
Duration of first defecation	4	471	Mean difference (IV, random, 95%CI)	-28.07 [-41.48, -14.67]	90%	< 0.00001
Medical costs	10	819	Mean difference (IV, random, 95%CI)	-0.50 [-0.69, -0.30]	85%	< 0.00001
CRP
POD1	8	514	Mean difference (IV, random, 95%CI)	-14.81 [-21.42, -8.21]	72%	0.0007
POD4	6	378	Mean difference (IV, random, 95%CI)	-19.81 [-29.64, -9.98]	64%	0.02
POD7	5	258	Mean difference (IV, random, 95%CI)	-21.36 [-28.81, -13.91]	74%	0.004
IL-6
POD1	4	239	Mean difference (IV, random, 95%CI)	-61.22 [-114.58, -7.86]	99%	< 0.00001
POD4	3	147	Mean difference (IV, random, 95%CI)	-31.50 [-55.63, -7.38]	96%	< 0.00001
POD7	3	176	Mean difference (IV, random, 95%CI)	-26.62 [-34.23, -19.01]	89%	0.0001
ALB
POD1	2	84	Mean difference (IV, random, 95%CI)	0.24 [-0.89, 1.36]	0	0.79
POD4	4	166	Mean difference (IV, random, 95%CI)	3.27 [2.24, 4.30]	23%	0.27
POD7	4	166	Mean difference (IV, random, 95%CI)	5.68 [3.31, 8.05]	83%	0.0005
Readmission	8	777	Risk ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95%CI)	2.86 [1.31, 6.24]	0	0.92
Reoperation	3	517	Risk ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95%CI)	0.62 [0.17, 2.35]	33%	0.22
Quality of life	2	136	Std. mean difference (IV, Fixed, 95%CI)	-0.46 [-0.80, -0.12]	36%	0.21

ALB: Serum albumin; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IV: Inverse Variance; M-H: Mantel-Haenszel; POD: Postoperative day.

Figure 3 Forest plot evaluating the relative risk of surgical complications: Enhanced recovery after surgery vs standard care. ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery; SC: Standard care.

Anastomotic leak: Ten RCTs[21-23,30,33,34,36,37] (964 patients) provided data on anastomotic leaks, whereby 2.3% (11/481 patients) in the ERAS group and 1.7% (8/483) in the SC group had an anastomotic leak. Pooling the results indicated that ERAS did not increase the incidence of anastomotic leaks compared with conventional care (RR: 1.36, 95%CI: 0.54-3.45, P = 0.51) (Figure 3), and heterogeneity was excluded among these trials (χ² = 2.35, P = 0.50; I² = 0).

Ileus: Twelve RCTs[21-24,30,33,34,36,37] (1048 patients) provided data regarding ileus: 3.3% (17/523 patients) in the ERAS group, and 1.9% (10/525) in the SC group had ileus. Pooling the results indicated that ERAS did not increase ileus compared with SC (RR: 1.62, 95%CI: 0.75-3.52, P = 0.22) (Figure 3), and no heterogeneity was observed among these trials (χ² = 5.76, P = 0.57; I² = 0).

Incision infection: Eleven RCTs[21-24,30,33,34,36,37] (1007 patients) reported incision infection, amounting to 2.8% (14/504 patients) in the ERAS group and 3.6% (18/503) in the SC group. Pooling the results indicated that ERAS did not increase incision infection compared with conventional care (RR: 0.79, 95%CI: 0.39-1.60, P = 0.52) (Figure 3), and there was no heterogeneity among these studies (χ² = 4.52, P = 0.87; I² = 0).

Urinary tract infection: Nine RCTs[23,24,33-37] (699 patients) provided data regarding urinary tract infection, which was observed in 2.6% (9/350 patients) in the ERAS group and 5.4% (19/349) in the SC group. Pooling the results indicated that ERAS did not increase urinary tract infection compared with conventional care (RR: 0.53, 95%CI: 0.26-1.08, P = 0.08) (Figure 3), and heterogeneity was excluded among these studies (χ² = 1.61, P = 0.99; I² = 0).

Pulmonary infection: Nine RCTs[23,24,30,33,34,37] (775 patients) reported pulmonary infection, which affected 3.4% (13/387 patients) in the ERAS group and 7.2% (28/388) in the SC group. Pooling the results indicated that ERAS decreased significantly the incidence of pulmonary infection compared with conventional care (RR: 0.52, 95%CI: 0.28-0.94, P = 0.03) (Figure 3), and there was no heterogeneity among these studies (χ² = 1.09, P = 0.99; I² = 0).

Short-term mortality

All studies reported short-term mortality after GC surgery; one patient (1/64) died of severe abdominal cavity infection in the elderly group[23]. No cases of death associated with surgery occurred in other studies during short-term follow-up. Pooling the results suggested that ERAS did not increase mortality compared with conventional care (RR: 3.0, 95%CI: 0.12-72.29, P = 0.50) (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Forest plot evaluating the relative risk of short-term mortality: Enhanced recovery after surgery vs standard care. ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery; SC: Standard care.

Length of postoperative hospital stay

All included RCTs (1092 patients) reported POHS. Ten of these studies reported a significant reduction of POHS in the ERAS group, and three reported no significant difference. The elderly group in Bu’s report[23], the laparoscopic group in Chen Hu’s study[34], and the open group of Liu’s report[24] demonstrated that patients receiving rapid rehabilitation care had POHS similar to that of the traditional care protocol. Meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in POHS by 1.65 d with the application of the ERAS schemes compared with traditional perioperative care in pooled analysis (MD: -1.65, 95%CI: -2.09 to -1.21, P < 0.00001) (Figure 5), and the heterogeneity was significant among these studies (χ² = 105.17, P < 0.00001; I² = 89%). Laparoscopic surgery combined with ERAS[21,22,24,34,35] markedly reduced POHS compared with laparoscopic surgery alone (MD: -1.49, 95%CI: -2.25 to -0.74, P < 0.0001), and the heterogeneity was significant (χ² = 18.21, P = 0.001; I² = 78%). Similarly, there was a significant reduction in POHS observed in open surgery with ERAS[23,24,33,34,36,37] compared with open surgery alone (MD: -1.89, 95%CI: -2.69 to -1.09, P < 0.00001), and the heterogeneity was also significant (χ² = 61.54, P < 0.00001; I² = 90%).

Figure 5 Forest plot evaluating the length of postoperative hospital stay: Enhanced recovery after surgery vs standard care. ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery; SC: Standard care.

Duration of intestinal function recovery

Eleven RCTs[23,24,30,33-37] (882 patients) analyzed the duration of first flatus. Recovery of gut function was earlier in ERAS groups, as shown by shorter duration of the first flatus and first defecation. The MD for duration of first flatus was -12.70 (95%CI: -19.71 to -5.69, P = 0.0004), but the heterogeneity was significant among these studies (χ² = 119.74, I² = 92%, P < 0.0001) (Figure 6). In the patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy[24,34,35], the duration of the first flatus of patients in the ERAS group was 7.20 h less than that in the control group (MD: -7.20, 95%CI: -11.70 to -2.70, P = 0.002), and there was no heterogeneity among these studies (χ² = 0.64, P = 0.73; I² = 0). Similarly, the first flatus was significantly earlier in the ERAS group than in the SC group (MD: -14.47, 95%CI: -23.61 to -5.33, P = 0.002) among patients undergoing open surgery[23,24,33,34,36,37], but the heterogeneity was significant (χ² = 116.69, P < 0.00001; I² = 94%). Four RCTs[21,22,30,33] (471 patients) reported the duration of first defecation. The MD was -28.07 (95%CI: -41.48 to -14.67, P < 0.0001) (Figure 6), and there was significant heterogeneity among the studies (χ² = 30.21, P < 0.00001; I² = 90%).

Figure 6 Forest plot evaluating the duration of intestinal function recovery: Enhanced recovery after surgery vs standard care. ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery; SC: Standard care.

Medical costs

Ten RCTs[23,24,30,33-35,37] (819 patients) provided data regarding medical costs. The costs of hospitalization were reported in US dollars (USD) in one trial[37], Japanese yen in one trial[30], and Chinese renminbi (RMB) in six trials. All of the medical care expenses were converted to USD (http://www.xe.com) by use of the exchange rates of the aforementioned currencies on June 28, 2017. The medical costs were significantly lower with ERAS than with traditional care (MD: -5000 USD, 95%CI: -6900 to -3000, P < 0.00001) (Figure 7), and there was significant heterogeneity among trials by using the random-effects model (χ² = 59.55, P < 0.00001; I² = 85%). In laparoscopic groups[24,34,35], ERAS significantly decreased the medical costs compared with traditional care (MD: -5200 USD, 95%CI: -8000 to -2500, P = 0.0002), and the heterogeneity was significant (χ² = 5.58, P = 0.06; I² = 64%). Similarly, there was a significant reduction in medical costs in open surgery with ERAS[23,24,33,34,37] compared with open surgery alone (MD: -5300, 95%CI: -8300 to -2300, P = 0.0005), and significant heterogeneity was observed (χ² = 37.63, P < 0.00001; I² = 87%).

Figure 7 Forest plot evaluating the difference in total medical costs: Enhanced recovery after surgery vs standard care. ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery; SC: Standard care.

Readmission

Eight RCTs[21,23,30,34-37] (777 patients) reported data concerning the readmission rate after discharge, whereby 5.6% (22/390) from ERAS groups and 1.8% (7/387) from SC groups had to be readmitted. A higher readmission rate was perceived in the ERAS group than in the control group (RR: 2.86, 95%CI: 1.31-6.24, P = 0.009) (Figure 8). There was no significant heterogeneity observed among these studies (χ² = 1.44, P = 0.92; I² = 0). However, sensitivity analysis showed no significant difference in readmission (RR: 2.17, 95%CI: 0.77-6.14, P = 0.14) when excluding the elderly group in Bu’s study[23], and no heterogeneity was observed (χ² = 0.85, P = 0.93; I² = 0).

Figure 8 Forest plot evaluating the incidence of readmission and reoperation within 30 d: Enhanced recovery after surgery vs standard care. ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery; SC: Standard care.

Reoperation

Three RCTs[23,30,36] (517 patients) reported reoperation rates after discharge. Two patients (0.8%) in ERAS groups and four patients (1.6%) in the conventional protocol groups had to undergo reoperation because of serious complications including abdominal infection, intraabdominal bleeding, and pancreatic fistula. There was no statistical difference in the rate of reoperation between the two groups (RR: 0.62, 95%CI: 0.17-2.35, P = 0.49) (Figure 8). Heterogeneity among these studies remained moderate (χ² = 3.01, P = 0.22; I² = 33%).

Inflammatory response indicators and nutritional status

Eight RCTs[22,24,34-37] (514 patients) and four RCTs[24,36,37] (239 patients) reported CRP and IL-6 levels after gastrectomy, respectively. As markers of surgical stress-associated response, levels of CRP and IL-6 were significantly elevated after surgery. Compared with patients in the conventional care group, a milder acute-phase response was detected in the ERAS group after gastrectomy. The pooled MD using a random-effects model for serum CRP was -14.81 (95%CI: -21.42 to -8.21, P < 0.0001), -19.81 (95%CI: -29.64 to -9.98, P < 0.0001), and -21.36 (95%CI: -28.81 to -13.91, P < 0.00001) on days 1, 4 and 7 after surgery, respectively (Figure 9), and significant heterogeneity was observed among these studies (I² = 72%, 64%, and 74% on day 1, 4 and 7 after surgery, respectively). The level of pooled MD for IL-6 was -61.22 (95%CI: -114.58 to -7.86, P = 0.02), -31.50 (95%CI: -55.63 to -7.38, P = 0.01) and -26.62 (95%CI: -34.23 to -19.01, P < 0.0001) on days 1, 4 and 7 after surgery, respectively (Figure 10), and there was a high degree of heterogeneity among these studies (I² = 99%, 96% and 89% on day 1, 4 and 7 after surgery, respectively).

Figure 9 Forest plot evaluating the postoperative level of C-reactive protein: Enhanced recovery after surgery vs standard care. CRP: C-reactive protein; ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery; SC: Standard care.

Figure 10 Forest plot evaluating the postoperative level of IL-6: Enhanced recovery after surgery vs standard care. ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery; IL: Interleukin; SC: Standard care.

Four RCTs[24,32] reported serum ALB. In general, ALB concentration dropped significantly compared with preoperative parameters. On postoperative day (POD) 1, there was no significant difference regarding the level of ALB between the ERAS and conventional care groups (MD 0.24, 95%CI: -0.89 to 1.36, P = 0.68) (Figure 11). On PODs 4 and 7, the level of ALB was higher in the ERAS group than in the control group (MD: 3.27, 95%CI: 2.24-4.30, P < 0.00001; MD: 5.68, 95%CI: 3.31-8.05, P < 0.00001, respectively). Mild heterogeneity was detected on POD 4 (χ² = 3.90, P = 0.27; I² = 23%). However, there was significant heterogeneity in the outcomes on POD 7 (χ² = 17.54, P = 0.0005; I² = 83%) (Figure 11).

Figure 11 Forest plot evaluating the postoperative level of serum albumin: Enhanced recovery after surgery vs standard care. ALB: Albumin; ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery; SC: Standard care.

Quality of life

Health-related QOL was reported in two trials[35,37]. One trial checked health-related QOL with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality-of-life questionnaire C-30 and STO-22 at 14 d after discharge[35], while the other measured the QOL score using questionnaires at the time of discharge[37]. A significant superiority was found in the fast-track surgery protocol group compared with the conventional care program group in terms of short-term QOL using the fixed-effects model. The pooled standardized MD was -0.46 (95%CI: -0.80 to -0.12, P = 0.008) (Figure 12), and there was a mild degree of heterogeneity in the outcomes (χ² = 1.56, P = 0.21; I² = 36%).

Figure 12 Forest plot evaluating health-related quality of life: Enhanced recovery after surgery vs standard care. ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery; SC: Standard care.

Publication bias

Potential publication bias was appraised graphically by using funnel plots, Begg’s test and Egger’s test. No obvious asymmetry was revealed by visual indication of the Begg’s funnel plot for postoperative total complications including all studies (Figure 13), and Begg’s test and Egger’s test indicated no significant bias was associated with publication for this meta-analysis (P = 0.55 and P = 0.435, respectively).

Figure 13 Begg’s funnel plot to explore publication bias of all the included studies.

DISCUSSION

ERAS protocols have been gradually accepted as being able to optimize clinical outcomes, value and experience for patients with GC[22-29]. The present study is the largest meta-analysis to date, incorporating 13 RCTs enrolling 1092 participants, of whom 545 received ERAS protocols and 547 received SC for GC. Our results demonstrated that the optimized multimodal strategies significantly expedite bowel function recovery, shorten the length of POHS and reduce medical costs, and that ERAS pathways maintain comparable total complications, reoperation rates and mortality rates. The present analysis indicates that the implementation of ERAS approaches accelerates recovery, and is feasible and safe for patients with GC undergoing radical gastrectomy.

The core mechanism of ERAS is that multimodal interventions may lead to a major reduction in the undesirable sequelae of surgical injury, and stress-free surgery is the key goal of ERAS[1]. Robust evidence suggested that ERAS played an important role in attenuating the surgical stress response and accelerating the return to baseline in colorectal cancer surgery[38,39], which was afforded eloquent proof in GC surgery. The inflammatory factors, such as CRP, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α, are related to the extent of tissue injury caused by surgery[40,41]. In the present study, the ERAS approaches significantly reduced the concentration of CRP and IL-6 in comparison with SC on days 1, 4 and 7 after gastrectomy for GC, which was consistent with accelerated recovery. More importantly, our study suggests that the level of serum ALB after surgery in ERAS patients was significantly higher and steadier than that in SC patients, which fully demonstrates that the ERAS program could serve to improve the nutritional status of patients with GC. Good nutritional status and rapid rehabilitation after surgery allow patients to receive early postoperative multimodality therapy, including chemotherapy, thereby potentially improving their oncological outcome.

The main characteristic of ERAS is faster postoperative recovery and early discharge. However, it is noteworthy that this accelerated recovery does not come at the cost of increased medical expense. In our study, 10 RCTs reported data on medical costs and identified a mean reduction of 5000 USD in the ERAS group. If the trials with mean and imputed SD were excluded, medical expenses would be reduced by 5300 USD. Therefore, implementation of ERAS appears to have an advantage when combining clinical efficacy and cost effectiveness, which is consistent with previous reports[42,43].

More importantly, our study shows that ERAS pathways increased the readmission rate for GC patients after gastrectomy, a radically different result from previous meta-analyses[25-27]. However, sensitivity analysis, excluding the elderly patients in Bu’s study[23], indicated that there was no significant difference in readmission rates between ERAS and SC groups. To date, the evidence on the application of ERAS procedures in elderly patients with GC, especially if older than 75 years, is sparse. Only two RCTs have reported ERAS care in elderly patients with GC to date, and the age criterion for inclusion was inconsistent. Liu et al[24] confirmed that the use of ERAS in elderly patients (60-80 years) was safe and feasible, effectively reducing the stress response, speeding up the recovery of intestinal function, and improving postoperative nutritional status without increasing the complications. However, Bu et al[23] showed that implementation of the multimodal procedure in older patients (75-89 years) undergoing distal or total gastrectomy increased significantly the incidence of nausea and vomiting, gastric retention and ileus, as well as the readmission rate, in comparison with the SC group. These inconsistent results may be due to inclusion of age criterion, surgical type, and element selection.

Gerontal patients often experience underlying comorbidities and low physiological reserve, usually resulting in a high incidence of complications and delayed convalescence. Therefore, tailored perioperative care should be conducted in such a specific patient population. It was reported that a high degree of ERAS compliance was associated with fewer complications and shorter hospital stay[44,45]. Feroci et al[46] reported that male sex, advanced age (> 75 years), and American Society of Anesthesiologists’ score of grade 3 and above were correlated with lower compliance to enhanced recovery with specific reference to early removal of the urethral catheter, early oral feeding, and early ambulation in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. In our study, protocol compliance was only mentioned in studies by Feng et al[33] and Liu et al[24]. Whether the compliance of elderly GC patients with ERAS regimens affects the outcomes remains to be further investigated, although several studies have indicated that ERAS in colorectal surgery was safe and feasible, with postoperative outcomes similar to those of the younger group[47-49].

In our meta-analysis, two RCTs provided QOL data at the time of discharge[37] or 14 d after discharge[35], whereby ERAS approaches showed significant superiority in QOL over SC groups. However, many investigators prefer postoperative recovery to assess the efficacy of ERAS, which begins at the time of surgery and is complete only when the patient returns (recovers) to their baseline function or to population norms[50]. Therefore, functional status and QOL attracts more interest.

The introduction of laparoscopic surgery has dramatically lessened the impact of surgical traumas on patients and accelerated their recovery. In the past 2 decades, minimally invasive surgery and the implementation of ERAS have been considered two major revolutions in elective major abdominal surgery, both intending to minimize the surgical stress and improve patient outcomes[51]. Meta-analyses of RCTs in laparoscopic colorectal surgery have demonstrated that application of the ERAS approaches is associated with fewer complications, faster recovery of bowel function and shorter hospitalization, without increased readmissions[52,53]. Laparoscopic surgery has been recommended in the guidelines for enhanced recovery after gastrectomy[29]. In this study, we observed that laparoscopic surgery combined with ERAS markedly reduced POHS and medical costs, and speeded up the return of intestinal function in patients with GC; however, laparoscopic surgery with ERAS did not increase total complications compared with laparoscopic surgery alone.

There are undoubtedly several limitations in the present study. First, several included RCTs were smaller in size, although the total sample size of the study was greater than 1000, and a multicenter trial was lacking. Second, among the included studies there was considerable heterogeneity. No remarkable heterogeneity was found with regard to the incidence of complications (including anastomotic leaks, ileus, incision infection, urinary tract infection, and pulmonary infection), rates of readmission and reoperation, and postoperative serum ALB level (POD 1 and POD 4) and QOL. However, there was significant heterogeneity for overall complications, POHS, intestinal function recovery, medical costs, and inflammatory response indicators (I² = 64%-99%). This substantial heterogeneity may be attributable to the clinical heterogeneity, including technical status of each institution, inclusion criteria, surgical approach, inconsistent evaluation of the outcomes, and ERAS elements used. Third, most studies excluded patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which may increase the potential bias to a certain extent.

In conclusion, this updated meta-analysis and systematic review provides a comprehensive assessment of ERAS following gastrectomy, and demonstrates that ERAS protocols lead to accelerated recovery, reduction of surgical stress and medical costs, improved nutritional status, and better health-related QOL for GC patients. However, it appears to be associated with increased readmission rates. Further high-quality, large-sample, multicenter RCTs with long-term follow-up are needed to more precisely evaluate ERAS pathways in GC surgery.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) has emerged as an optimal perioperative strategy for improving clinical outcomes in elective gastric cancer (GC) surgery. However, numerous controversies exist with regard to ERAS practice after radical gastrectomy.

Research motivation

Accumulating studies highlight that implementation of ERAS protocols reduces overall hospital stay, morbidity and mortality significantly, without compromising patient safety in multiple surgical disciplines. However, the safety and feasibility of applying ERAS in its current form in radical gastrectomy still remains to be proven by performing an updated meta-analysis.

Research objectives

This meta-analysis aims to provide an updated assessment of the safety and efficacy of ERAS protocols in GC surgery.

Research methods

A comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, World Health Organization International Trial Registry platform, and Cochrane Library until June 2017 was performed independently to identify all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the ERAS program with standard perioperative care (SC) in GC surgery. Non-comparative studies, case-controlled trials, cohort studies, retrospective studies, items of ERAS applied being less than four, and no follow-up after discharge were excluded.

Research results

Thirteen RCTs, with a total of 1092 participants, were analyzed in this study, of whom 545 underwent ERAS protocols and 547 received SC treatment. ERAS protocols significantly decreased the length of postoperative hospital stay and medical costs, and accelerated bowel function recovery. Moreover, ERAS protocols were associated with a lower level of serum inflammatory response, higher serum albumin, and superior short-term quality of life. There were no significant differences regarding the incidence of total complications, mortality and reoperation following gastrectomy. However, the readmission rate after GC surgery nearly tripled under ERAS.

Research conclusions

ERAS results in accelerated convalescence, reduction of surgical stress and medical costs, improved nutritional status, and better quality of life for GC patients, but increased the readmission rate. Furthermore, the significant heterogeneity of some results is a major limitation of this study. ERAS investigators need to proceed with caution as far as ERAS is concerned beyond colorectal cancer surgery.

Research perspectives

This study provides an updated assessment of ERAS in GC surgery and is expected to provide guidance and reference for clinical practice, and also to provide high-level evidence for evidence-based medicine. High-quality multicenter RCTs with large samples and long-term follow-up are needed to more precisely evaluate ERAS in radical gastrectomy.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank Dr. Mu-long Du, a member of the Biostatistic Service from the School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, for reviewing the statistical methods in this study.