To screen or not to screen? Celiac antibodies in liver diseases

Table 5 Research screening celiac disease in patients with autoimmune hepatitis

Study	Screening method	Number of positive patients	Typical duodenal biopsy12	Response to gluten-free diet	Country, year	Authors
Prospective cohort	AGA IgG IgA > 1 AU	8/181 (4.4%) EmA (+)	5/5	-	United States/Italy, 1998	Volta et al[76]
	IgA EmA IFI	7/181 (3.9%) AGA (+)
Retrospective	EmA	3/47 (6.4%)	3/3	-	Italy, 2005	Villalta et al[136]
	tTG IgA IgG
Retrospective	EmA	19/140 (14%)	?	No	Italy, 2008	Caprai et al[120]
	tTG IgA IgG
Retrospective	AGA IgA, IgG	5/40 (13%)	5/5	Mild decrease of transaminases, but never a complete normalization	Italy, 2008	Diamanti et al[137]
	EmA IgA
	tTG IgA
Retrospective	AGA IgA, IgG	7/15 (47%)	7/7	-	Turkey, 2009	Tosun et al[138]
	EmA IgA
	tTG IgA
Retrospective	?	3/278 (1.1%)	?	-	Germany, 2010	Teufel et al[139]
Prospective	IgA EmA IFI	4/26 (15%)	3/4	-	Egypt, 2011	El-Shabrawi et al[140]
	tTG ELISA
Retrospective	EmA IgA, IgG	15/79 (19%)	?	All of the 15 patients achieved sustained	Italy, 2013	Nastasio et al[122]
	tTG IgA, IgG			remission when treated with prednisone and azathioprine or cyclosporine
Prospective	tTG IgA ELISA	3/64 (4.7%) tTG (+)	3/3	-	Iran, 2014	Najafi et al[141]
Prospective	IgA EmA IIF	6 previous diagnoses	-	-	Netherlands, 2014	van Gerven et al[118]
	tTG ELISA	10/460 tTG + EmA + HLA
	HLA DQ2 DQ8	-3.50%

¹Vilous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate;

²Only a small number of patients usually undergo intestinal biopsy. EmA: Anti-endomysial antibody; IIF: Indirect immunofluorescence; tTG: Anti-tissue transglutaminase; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; AGA: Anti-gliadin antibody.