Predictive factors associated with carcinoid syndrome in patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors

Table 2 Patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: Most frequent diagnoses1 in carcinoid syndrome patients, ordered by prevalence in carcinoid syndrome cohort n (%)

Diagnosis description	No. of patients		Difference in Rate(CS-Non-CS)	Relative Risk(CS vs Non-CS)
	CS cohortn = 251	Non-CS cohortn = 753
Abdominal pain2	166 (66.14)	388 (51.53)	14.61%	1.28
Hypertension2	127 (50.60)	393 (52.19)	-1.59%	0.97
Dyslipidemia2	124 (49.40)	347 (46.08)	3.32%	1.07
Benign neoplasm large bowel	79 (31.47)	241 (32.01)	-0.53%	0.98
Esophageal reflux	74 (29.48)	190 (25.23)	4.25%	1.17
Diverticulosis of colon (without mention of hemorrhage)	68 (27.09)	159 (21.12)	5.98%	1.28
Liver disorder2	56 (22.31)	79 (10.49)	11.82%	2.13
Chest pain, unspecified	53 (21.12)	147 (19.52)	1.59%	1.08
Anemia, unspecified	51 (20.32)	141 (18.73)	1.59%	1.09
Pain in limb	41 (16.33)	117 (15.54)	0.80%	1.05
Internal hemorrhoids without mention of complication	41 (16.33)	87 (11.55)	4.78%	1.41
Neoplasm of uncertain behavior of stomach, intestine, and rectum	39 (15.54)	95 (12.62)	2.92%	1.23
Nonspecific (abnormal) findings on radiological and other examination of gastrointestinal tract	38 (15.14)	66 (8.76)	6.37%	1.73
Lumbago	38 (15.14)	79 (10.49)	4.65%	1.44
Enlargement of lymph nodes	36 (14.34)	40 (5.31)	9.03%	2.70
Malignant neoplasm of colon, unspecified site	35 (13.94)	114 (15.14)	-1.20%	0.92
Hypothyroidism, unspecified	34 (13.55)	106 (14.08)	-0.53%	0.96
Abdominal or pelvic swelling, mass, or lump, unspecified site (begin 1994)	34 (13.55)	60 (7.97)	5.58%	1.70
Other and unspecified noninfectious gastroenteritis and colitis	32 (12.75)	73 (9.69)	3.05%	1.32
Type 2 diabetes mellitus2	32 (12.75)	158 (20.98)	-8.23%	0.61
Other specified disorders of intestine	29 (11.55)	70 (9.30)	2.26%	1.24
Obesity, unspecified	28 (11.16)	82 (10.89)	0.27%	1.02
Diaphragmatic hernia	28 (11.16)	65 (8.63)	2.52%	1.29
Headache	28 (11.16)	74 (9.83)	1.33%	1.14
Anxiety state, unspecified	27 (10.76)	71 (9.43)	1.33%	1.14
Acute appendicitis, unspecified	26 (10.36)	91 (12.08)	-1.73%	0.86
Reflux esophagitis	26 (10.36)	41 (5.44)	4.91%	1.90
Abdominal or pelvic swelling, mass, or lump, other specified site	26 (10.36)	35 (4.65)	5.71%	2.23
Dyspepsia and other specified disorders of function of stomach	26 (10.36)	26 (3.45)	6.91%	3.00
Urinary tract infection, unspecified	26 (10.36)	96 (12.75)	-2.39%	0.81
Pre-operative cardiovascular examination	25 (9.96)	102 (13.55)	-3.59%	0.74
Tobacco use disorder	24 (9.56)	77 (10.23)	-0.66%	0.94
Constipation, unspecified	24 (9.56)	79 (10.49)	-0.93%	0.91

¹Claims in 1 year prior to the index date, excluding those for CS, NET, or symptoms/conditions known to be associated with CS;

²Abdominal Pain (ICD-9-CM 789.0x, 789.6x); Type 2 DM (ICD-9-CM 250.x0, 250.x2); Hypertension (ICD-9-CM 401.xx, 402.xx, 403.xx, 404.xx, 405.xx, 437.2x); Dyslipidemia (ICD-9-CM 272.xx); Liver disorder (ICD-9-CM 573.8x, 573.9x). Variables not shown: Screening (Routine medical examination, Other screening mammogram, Long-term (current) use of other medications, Routine gynecological examination, Vaccination for influenza, Screen for malignant neoplasms of colon, Other specified pre-operative examination; GI cancer (Digestive neoplasm, unspecified); Prevalence < 10% in both CS and non-CS cohort (Screening for malignant neoplasms of prostate, Backache unspecified, Other abnormal blood chemistry, Vitamin D deficiency unspecified, Lumbar or lumbosacral intervertebral disc degeneration, Atrophic gastritis without mention of hemorrhage, Personal history of colonic polyps, Cervicalgia, Iron deficiency anemia unspecified). CS: Carcinoid syndrome; NET: Neuroendocrine tumors.