Micronutrient deficiencies in patients with chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis: A review

Table 3 Summary of the main types of deficit described in chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis patients

Deficit	Mechanism of action	Effects	Reported prevalence
Vitamin B12	Lack of intrinsic factor reduced vitamin B12 absorption in terminal ileum	Pernicious anemia	37%-69%[24,27]
		Neurological alteration
		Osteopenia/osteoporosis
Iron deficiency	Gastric acid increases the dissolution and ionization of poorly soluble calcium salt	Microcytic anemia	41%[24]
Vitamin C	Destruction of ascorbic acid in the gastric mucosa for elevated pH and bacterial overgrowth	Reduced and oxidative effects	Not known
Calcium	Gastric acid increases the dissolution and ionization of poorly soluble calcium salt	Osteopenia/osteoporosis	Not known
Vitamin D	Not clarified	Secondary hyperparathyroidism	12.1%[84]
		Osteopenia/osteoporosis
		Increased incidence of autoimmune diseases