Colors of vegetables and fruits and the risks of colorectal cancer

Table 5 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for colorectal cancer subsites in relation to intake of vegetables and fruits

	Control		Proximal colon		No.	Distal colon		No.	Rectum
	No.	No.	Age-adjusted OR (95%CI)	Multivariate OR1 (95%CI)		Age-adjusted OR (95%CI)	Multivariate OR1 (95%CI)		Age-adjusted OR (95%CI)	Multivariate OR1 (95%CI)
Men
Total vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 224.2)	417	46	1.00	1.00	76	1.00	1.00	145	1.00	1.00
T2 (224.2- < 380.0)	416	45	0.97 (0.63-1.49)	1.08 (0.68-1.69)	73	0.95 (0.67-1.35)	1.10 (0.76-1.58)	107	0.74 (0.55-0.98)	0.82 (0.61-1.12)
T3 (≥ 380.0)	417	22	0.47 (0.28-0.80)	0.63 (0.36-1.09)	29	0.38 (0.24-0.59)	0.50 (0.32-0.80)	68	0.47 (0.34-0.64)	0.67 (0.47-0.94)
P for trend2			0.004	0.086		< 0.001	0.003		< 0.001	0.018
Total vegetables (g/d)
T1 (< 123.0)	416	40	1.00	1.00	66	1.00	1.00	142	1.00	1.00
T2 (123.0-< 203.6)	418	46	1.13 (0.72-1.77)	1.26 (0.79-2.01)	88	1.32 (0.93-1.87)	1.50 (1.04-2.16)	130	0.91 (0.69-1.20)	1.05 (0.77-1.41)
T3 (≥ 203.6)	416	27	0.67 (0.40-1.11)	0.80 (0.47-1.37)	24	0.36 (0.22-0.59)	0.44 (0.27-0.74)	48	0.34 (0.24-0.48)	0.43 (0.29-0.63)
P for trend			0.089	0.34		< 0.001	0.002		< 0.001	< 0.001
Total fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 68.3)	416	37	1.00	1.00	69	1.00	1.00	113	1.00	1.00
T2 (68.3- < 178.1)	418	52	1.38 (0.89-2.16)	1.59 (1.01-2.52)	76	1.09 (0.76-1.55)	1.26 (0.88-1.83)	129	1.14 (0.85-1.52)	1.30 (0.96-1.78)
T3 (≥ 178.1)	416	24	0.64 (0.38-1.09)	0.83 (0.47-1.44)	33	0.47 (0.31-0.74)	0.59 (0.38-0.94)	78	0.69 (0.50-0.95)	0.90 (0.63-1.27)
P for trend			0.035	0.269		< 0.001	0.01		0.008	0.318
Green vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 48.8)	417	39	1.00	1.00	64	1.00	1.00	129	1.00	1.00
T2 (48.8- < 93.6)	417	49	1.24 (0.80-1.94)	1.26 (0.79-1.99)	87	1.35 (0.95-1.92)	1.43 (0.99-2.07)	136	1.05 (0.80-1.39)	1.08 (0.79-1.46)
T3 (≥ 93.6)	416	25	0.63 (0.38-1.07)	0.67 (0.39-1.16)	27	0.42 (0.26-0.67)	0.46 (0.28-0.74)	55	0.43 (0.30-0.60)	0.47 (0.32-0.68)
P for trend			0.048	0.092		< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
Red/purple vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 22.1)	416	34	1.00	1.00	60	1.00	1.00	91	1.00	1.00
T2 (22.1- < 62.2)	417	48	1.40 (0.88-2.22)	1.63 (1.01-2.04)	73	1.21 (0.84-1.75)	1.39 (0.95-2.04)	138	1.52 (1.13-2.04)	1.84 (1.33-2.53)
T3 (≥ 62.2)	417	31	0.90 (0.55-1.50)	1.12 (0.66-1.88)	45	0.75 (0.50-1.13)	0.92 (0.60-1.41)	91	1.00 (0.72-1.38)	1.28 (0.90-1.81)
P for trend			0.371	0.895		0.067	0.379		0.355	0.666
Orange/yellow vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 21.1)	416	28	1.00	1.00	47	1.00	1.00	86	1.00	1.00
T2 (21.1- < 54.0)	418	43	1.52 (0.93-2.50)	1.80 (1.08-3.01)	73	1.55 (1.05-2.29)	1.86 (1.24-2.80)	138	1.61 (1.19-2.18)	1.86 (1.34-2.59)
T3 (≥ 54.0)	416	42	1.49 (0.90-2.45)	1.94 (1.16-3.27)	58	1.23 (0.82-1.85)	1.60 (1.04-2.46)	96	1.12 (0.81-1.55)	1.47 (1.04-2.09)
P for trend			0.217	0.03		0.683	0.121		0.837	0.178
Orange /yellow fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 15.9)	416	38	1.00	1.00	69	1.00	1.00	120	1.00	1.00
T2 (15.9-< 47.9)	417	46	1.20 (0.77-1.89)	1.43 (0.90-2.27)	61	0.88 (0.61-1.27)	1.04 (0.71-1.52)	115	0.96 (0.72-1.28)	1.11 (0.82-1.52)
T3 (≥ 47.9)	417	29	0.76 (0.46-1.25)	1.04 (0.62-1.75)	48	0.69 (0.47-1.02)	0.92 (0.61-1.38)	85	0.71 (0.52-0.96)	0.97 (0.69-1.36)
P for trend			0.155	0.849		0.065	0.625		0.02	0.724
Orange /yellow vegetable (g/d)
T1 (< 2.7)	416	31	1.00	1.00	38	1.00	1.00	70	1.00	1.00
T2 (2.7-< 7.7)	417	27	0.87 (0.51-1.48)	1.01 (0.59-1.75)	55	1.44 (0.93-2.23)	1.68 (1.07-2.63)	101	1.44 (1.03-2.01)	1.64 (1.15-2.34)
T3 (≥ 7.7)	417	55	1.79 (1.12-2.86)	2.15 (1.32-3.51)	85	2.28 (1.51-3.44)	2.72 (1.77-4.18)	149	2.19 (1.59-3.02)	2.51 (1.77-3.54)
P for trend			0.003	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
White vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 87.9)	416	51	1.00	1.00	87	1.00	1.00	156	1.00	1.00
T2 (87.9- < 153.9)	418	46	0.88 (0.58-1.35)	1.04 (0.67-1.61)	68	0.77 (0.54-1.09)	0.89 (0.62-1.28)	100	0.63 (0.48-0.84)	0.76 (0.55-1.03)
T3 (≥ 153.9)	416	16	0.31 (0.17-0.55)	0.40 (0.22-0.73)	23	0.26 (0.16-0.42)	0.34 (0.21-0.56)	64	0.41 (0.29-0.56)	0.58 (0.41-0.83)
P for trend			< 0.001	0.003		< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	0.002
Women
Total vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 317.7)	199	29	1.00	1.00	64	1.00	1.00	70	1.00	1.00
T2 (317.7-< 534.8)	199	19	0.65 (0.35-1.20)	0.66 (0.35-1.25)	28	0.44 (0.27-0.71)	0.47 (0.28-0.79)	41	0.58 (0.38-0.90)	0.65 (0.41-1.03)
T3 (≥ 534.8)	198	5	0.17 (0.07-0.45)	0.22 (0.08-0.58)	21	0.33 (0.19-0.56)	0.41 (0.23-0.71)	13	0.19 (0.10-0.35)	0.25 (0.13-0.47)
P for trend			< 0.001	0.002		< 0.001	0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
Total vegetables (g/d)
T1 (< 135.9)	198	26	1.00	1.00	51	1.00	1.00	61	1.00	1.00
T2 (135.9-< 219.1)	200	22	0.83 (0.45-1.51)	1.02 (0.53-1.95)	41	0.80 (0.50-1.26)	0.97 (0.59-1.57)	45	0.73 (0.47-1.12)	0.82 (0.52-1.31)
T3 (≥ 219.1)	198	5	0.19 (0.07-0.50)	0.22 (0.08-0.61)	21	0.41 (0.29-0.71)	0.50 (0.28-0.89)	18	0.29 (0.17-0.51)	0.36 (0.20-0.65)
P for trend			< 0.001	0.003		0.001	0.018		< 0.001	< 0.001
Total fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 135.0)	198	21	1.00	1.00	46	1.00	1.00	59	1.00	1.00
T2 (135.0-< 307.1)	199	27	1.29 (0.70-2.35)	1.37 (0.73-2.58)	46	1.00 (0.63-1.57)	1.05 (0.65-1.69)	48	0.81 (0.53-1.25)	0.88 (0.56-1.38)
T3 (≥ 307.1)	199	5	0.24 (0.09-0.64)	0.27 (0.10-0.76)	21	0.45 (0.26-0.79)	0.52 (0.29-0.93)	17	0.29 (0.16-0.51)	0.35 (0.19-0.64)
P for trend			0.003	0.002		0.004	0.006		< 0.001	< 0.001
Green vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 61.0)	199	26	1.00	1.00	60	1.00	1.00	60	1.00	1.00
T2 (61.0- < 114.2)	198	23	0.87 (0.48-1.59)	1.03 (0.55-1.93)	39	0.65 (0.42-1.02)	0.78 (0.49-1.26)	51	0.85 (0.56-1.29)	0.98 (0.62-1.54)
T3 (≥ 114.2)	199	4	0.15 (0.05-0.43)	0.18 (0.06-0.54)	14	0.23 (0.12-0.43)	0.28 (0.15-0.53)	13	0.21 (0.11-0.40)	0.26 (0.14-0.50)
P for trend			< 0.001	0.002		< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
Red/purple vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 39.5)	199	20	1.00	1.00	41	1.00	1.00	47	1.00	1.00
T2 (39.5- < 98.5)	199	26	1.30 (0.70-2.41)	1.54 (0.81-2.95)	44	1.07 (0.67-1.71)	1.19 (0.72-1.95)	49	1.04 (0.67-1.63)	1.18 (0.73-1.89)
T3 (≥ 98.5)	198	7	0.35 (0.15-0.85)	0.43 (0.17-1.06)	28	0.69 (0.41-1.15)	0.75 (0.43-1.30)	28	0.60 (0.36-1.00)	0.71 (0.41-1.21)
P for trend			0.013	0.052		0.118	0.232		0.035	0.157
Orange/yellow vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 40.7)	199	16	1.00	1.00	33	1.00	1.00	40	1.00	1.00
T2 (40.7- < 100.6)	198	22	1.38 (0.70-2.71)	1.58 (0.78-3.20)	50	1.52 (0.94-2.47)	1.72 (1.03-2.87)	62	1.56 (1.00-2.43)	1.74 (1.08-2.80)
T3 (≥ 100.6)	199	15	0.93 (0.45-1.93)	1.05 (0.49-2.24)	30	0.91 (0.53-1.55)	0.98 (0.56-1.72)	22	0.55 (0.32-0.96)	0.61 (0.34-1.09)
P for trend			0.674	0.891		0.461	0.634		0.013	0.041
Orange/yellow fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 32.5)	199	18	1.00	1.00	38	1.00	1.00	48	1.00	1.00
T2 (32.5- < 90.6)	199	22	1.22 (0.63-2.34)	1.44 (0.72-2.85)	47	1.24 (0.77-1.98)	1.43 (0.87-2.35)	56	1.17 (0.76-1.80)	1.35 (0.85-2.15)
T3 (≥ 90.6)	198	13	0.72 (0.35-1.52)	0.79 (0.37-1.70)	28	0.74 (0.44-1.25)	0.77 (0.44-1.35)	20	0.42 (0.24-0.73)	0.44 (0.25-0.80)
P for trend			0.281	0.37		0.15	0.198		< 0.001	0.002
Orange/yellow vegetable (g/d)
T1 (< 3.2)	198	13	1.00	1.00	27	1.00	1.00	34	1.00	1.00
T2 (3.2- < 9.1)	200	11	0.84 (0.37-1.91)	1.17 (0.49-2.75)	28	1.03 (0.59-1.81)	1.35 (0.75-2.46)	28	0.82 (0.48-1.40)	1.04 (0.59-1.84)
T3 (≥ 9.1)	198	29	2.21 (1.11-4.40)	2.87 (1.36-6.03)	58	2.20 (1.33-3.64)	2.54 (1.48-4.36)	62	1.85 (1.16-2.95)	2.05 (1.24-3.40)
P for trend			0.005	0.002		< 0.001	< 0.001		0.001	0.002
White vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 109.9)	199	31	1.00	1.00	60	1.00	1.00	61	1.00	1.00
T2 (109.9- < 198.0)	199	15	0.49 (0.25-0.93)	0.59 (0.30-1.16)	36	0.60 (0.38-0.95)	0.75 (0.46-1.22)	45	0.74 (0.48-1.14)	0.93 (0.59-1.48)
T3 (≥ 198.0)	198	7	0.22 (0.10-0.50)	0.25 (0.10-0.59)	17	0.28 (0.16-0.50)	0.35 (0.19-0.63)	18	0.30 (0.17-0.52)	0.37 (0.21-0.67)
P for trend			0.001	0.002		< 0.001	0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001

¹Adjusted by age, education, alcohol consumption, BMI, regular exercise, red meat, processed meat and total energy intake;

²Test for trend calculated with the median intake for each category of vegetables and fruits as a continuous variable.