Randomized controlled trial: Moxibustion and acupuncture for the treatment of Crohn’s disease

Abstract

AIM: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of acupuncture and moxibustion for the treatment of active Crohn’s disease (CD).

METHODS: Ninety-two patients were equally and randomly divided into the treatment group and received herb-partitioned moxibustion combined with acupuncture, and the control group received wheat bran-partitioned moxibustion combined with superficial acupuncture. The patients received three treatment sessions per week for 12 wk and were followed up for 24 wk. The main outcome was evaluated using the CD Activity Index (CDAI) score, and the secondary outcomes were evaluated using laboratory indicators such as hemoglobin (HGB), C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, quality-of-life, endoscopic ratings, and intestinal histology scores.

RESULTS: The CDAI scores of both the treatment and control groups were significantly reduced after treatment compared with those measured before treatment. However, the degree of improvement in the treatment group was significantly greater than that of the control group. The improvement in symptoms in patients of the treatment group was sustained at follow-up, whereas that of the control group was not. The overall efficacy of the treatment was significantly greater than that of the control. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in quality-of-life ratings after treatment, but the improvement was significantly greater in the treatment group than in the control group. In addition, the patients in the treatment group showed significantly increased HGB and significantly decreased CRP levels and histopathological scores at the end of treatment, whereas the control group did not exhibit significant changes.

CONCLUSION: Moxibustion with acupuncture provided significant therapeutic benefits in patients with active CD beyond the placebo effect and is therefore an effective and safe treatment for active CD.

Key Words: Moxibustion, Acupuncture, Crohn’s disease, Randomized controlled trial, Traditional Chinese medicine

Core tip: Acupuncture treatment has been widely used in the clinical treatment of various diseases, particularly gastrointestinal diseases. Crohn’s disease (CD) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease, and its incidence increases each year in China. However, there are limited numbers of reports on the efficacy of acupuncture treatment for CD. In the present study, we found that acupuncture provided significant therapeutic benefits to patients with mild to moderate CD and is therefore an effective and safe treatment.

INTRODUCTION

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease and is a recurrent systemic inflammatory disease that mainly affects the gastrointestinal tract, with extraintestinal manifestations and related immune diseases[1]. With a steadily increasing incidence, CD has become a common digestive disease in Asia, especially in China[2]. CD has a significant impact on the productivity of society and on personal quality of life[3-6], and places a major burden on public health care resources[7]. Current medicinal treatments for CD primarily utilize salicylic acid-based drugs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressives, and biological agents. However, the poor efficacy and significant adverse effects of these treatments and the susceptibility to recurrence after dose reduction or discontinuation limit the long-term clinical application of these drugs[8].

Acupuncture has a history of more than 4000 years and is popular in China and many other countries. Acupuncture has been widely used for the clinical treatment of various diseases, particularly gastrointestinal diseases such as CD[9,10], ulcerative colitis[11,12], irritable bowel syndrome[13,14], and functional dyspepsia[15,16]. However, there are a limited number of reports on the clinical study of acupuncture in the treatment of CD[17], and its efficacy is therefore not fully established. In particular, the effects of acupuncture on endoscopic findings and the intestinal histopathological changes of CD have not been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to perform an objective evaluation of the efficacy of acupuncture in CD.

Our research team has performed clinical and basic research on acupuncture and moxibustion for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease for over 30 years. Herb-partitioned moxibustion combined with acupuncture therapy is commonly used for the treatment of CD. Herb-partitioned moxibustion, a critical component of moxibustion therapy, is performed by placing a cake of herbs (dispensing a traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) formula) on the patient’s acupoints, followed by the placement and ignition of moxa cones, which are composed of refined mugwort floss, on the herbal cake to treat diseases. Acupuncture is a collection of procedures involving penetration of the skin with needles to stimulate certain points on the body. Here, we conducted a randomized controlled clinical trial of herb-partitioned moxibustion combined with acupuncture for the treatment of active CD with the goal of evaluating its clinical efficacy and safety.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study design

From January 2010 to April 2013, CD patients treated at the acupuncture outpatient center for inflammatory bowel disease of the Shanghai Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, the Endoscopy Center of Zhongshan Hospital at Fudan University, the Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion of Shuguang Hospital affiliated with the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and the Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine affiliated with the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were recruited as subjects for this study. The diagnosis of CD was confirmed in all patients by clinical manifestation evaluation, imaging analysis, and endoscopic and histopathological examinations.

This clinical trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine affiliated with the Shanghai University of TCM. All subjects provided informed consent prior to enrollment into the trial. The study was registered in the Clinical Trials Registry at http://clinicaltrials.gov/(NCT01697761).

Patients

Patients who had a confirmed diagnosis of mild or moderate CD (CD Activity Index (CDAI) values ranging from 151 to 350), had not taken medications such as salicylic acid drugs and/or prednisone (at a dose ≤ 15 mg) for at least 1 mo, and had not taken immunosuppressants or used anti-TNF-α biological agents for 3 mo prior to enrollment in the study were included.

Pregnant or lactating patients; patients with serious diseases of the heart, brain, liver, kidney, or hematopoietic system; patients with mental illness; and patients with other severe diseases were excluded.

After enrollment, the patients who were using CD medications maintained their drug dosage unchanged. If their conditions deteriorated during the treatment period or if the patients needed to increase their dose or take other medications, these subjects were withdrawn from the study. During the follow-up period, patients were allowed to adjust their dose of Western medicine after recording each adjustment. If patients increased their dose, became sicker, or took other drugs, these subjects were also withdrawn.

Randomization and blinding

We used a simple random sampling method by generating a random number table using the SPSS 16.0 software. The first number in the random number table was used as a starting point to create random assignment cards, which were then sealed in envelopes. The envelopes were numbered (the same number as the sequence number of the card inside) and kept secure by a dedicated person. When a qualified participant was enrolled into the trial, researchers then asked this dedicated person for a random number by phone or text message. According to the order in which the patient was enrolled, the person in charge opened the envelope with the same sequence number and informed the researchers of the assigned information by phone or text message. The odd random numbers were assigned to the treatment group, and even numbers were assigned to the control group. The participants were randomly divided into the treatment and control groups at a ratio of 1:1.

All patients were blinded during the trial and were therefore unaware of the specific treatment they received. All subjects in each treatment session were treated in a private room to avoid potential communication and comparison among subjects. In addition, a blinded evaluation was conducted in which a third researcher who was unaware of the group assignments assessed the treatment outcomes. Blinded statistical data analysis was also conducted in which the researchers, operators, and statisticians were separated from one another.

Interventions

The treatment group received herb-partitioned moxibustion combined with acupuncture. The acupoints are listed in Table 1 and Figure 1; these acupoints were selected based on TCM principles according to the clinical manifestations of the patients. All of these acupoints were shown to be effective for the treatment of CD in our previous report[10].

Table 1 Acupoints selected for the treatment and control groups.

	Treatment group	Control group
Acupuncture points	Zusanli (ST36)	20 mm away from the posterior of ST36
	Shangjuxu (ST37)	20 mm away from the posterior of ST37
	Gongsun (SP4)	On the medial aspect of the 1st cuneiform bone, between LR4 and SP4
	Sanyinjiao (SP6)	15 mm away from the anterior of SP6, on the medial aspect of the tibia
	Taixi (KI3)	15 mm away from the anterior of KI3, on the medial aspect of the tibia
	Taichong (LR3)	On the dorsal aspect of the 1st metatarsal bone between LR3 and SP3
Moxibustion points	Tianshu (ST25), Qihai (CV6), Zhongwan (CV12)

ST: Stomach; CV: Conception vessel; SP: Spleen; LR: Liver; KI: Kidney.

Figure 1 Flow chart of the trial.

The herbal cake recipe used for moxibustion in the treatment group included Coptis chinensis, Radix Aconiti Lateralis, Cortex Cinnamomi, Radix Aucklandiae, Flos Carthami, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Angelica sinensis as the main ingredients[10]. These herbs were ground into fine powders, which were then passed through a 100-mesh sieve and stored for future use. During treatment, 2.8 g of the herbal powder was mixed with maltose and made into a thick paste by adding warm water. The paste was then pressed into a mold to make herbal cakes with a diameter of 28 mm and a thickness of 5 mm. For moxibustion, pure refined moxa sticks (“Hanyi”, Nanyang, China, size: 17 mm × 200 mm) were cut into segments of 16 mm in height that weighed approximately 1.8 g. In each session, each acupoint was treated with two segments of moxa sticks.

Positioning of the acupuncture points was based on the “Nomenclature and location of acupuncture points” (Chinese National Standard (GB/T12346-2006)). Sterile disposable stainless steel needles (with a diameter of 0.30 mm and length of 40 mm or 25 mm, “Huatuo”, Suzhou, China) were used. The needles were directly inserted 20-30 mm into the skin and elicited a de-qi sensation. The needle was kept in position for 30 min. Herb-partitioned moxibustion and acupuncture were performed at the same time once every other day (three times per week) for a total of 36 sessions (12 wk). Subjects who received at least 80% of the required number of treatment sessions (29 or more) were considered to have completed the entire treatment plan.

The control group received wheat bran-partitioned moxibustion combined with superficial acupuncture. Wheat bran-partitioned moxibustion is often used by our research team as a placebo control method, and previous studies have shown that wheat bran-partitioned moxibustion differs significantly from herb-partitioned moxibustion[12]. The acupoints used in wheat bran-partitioned moxibustion were the same as those used for the treatment group. The procedure of superficial needling at non-acupoints was based on previous studies[15]. Non-meridian and non-acupoint zones located 1-2 cm away from the acupoints of the treatment group were selected for the control group, and an equal number of points were used in each group (Figure 1).

Wheat bran was used instead of herbs for the control group partition cake, and the treatment methods were the same as those of the treatment group. Needles with the same diameter and length as those used in the treatment group were used for needling; however, the needles were directly inserted only 1-2 mm into the skin, without eliciting a de-qi sensation. Wheat bran-partitioned moxibustion and acupuncture were performed at the same time, and the sessions were the same as those of the treatment group.

In this study, the acupuncture practitioners were all clinicians who were qualified TCM practitioners and had at least 2 years of clinical experience.

Outcome measures

The CDAI[18] was used as the main measurement of outcome. This index consists of eight factors, with each factor totaled after adjustment with a weighting factor. CDAI evaluations were performed on the day of enrollment, in the 12^th week after enrollment, and at follow-up (24^th week). The changes in CDAI score and total treatment efficacy were evaluated. The total treatment efficacy evaluation standards were as follows: after treatment, a CDAI score measuring less than 150 indicated clinical remission, a CDAI score decreased by more than 70 indicated an improvement, and a CDAI score decreased by less than 70 or an increased CDAI score indicated an ineffective treatment. The effective rate = (the number of patients who demonstrated clinical remission + the number of patients who demonstrated an improvement with treatment)/the total number of patients.

Six parameters were used as secondary outcome measures. The quality of life of the patients was evaluated using the inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire (IBDQ), which is specific for patients with inflammatory bowel disease[19,20]. The level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were used to assess the level of intestinal inflammation, and hemoglobin (HGB) measurements were used to assess the presence and severity of anemia. Fifteen patients from each group were selected to receive enteroscopic examinations and mucosal biopsies. The CD endoscopic index of severity (CDEIS)[21] and the D’Haens-Geboes intestinal histology scoring system[22] were used to evaluate endoscopic mucosal manifestations and the pathomorphological and inflammatory conditions of the patients, respectively. Intestinal mucosa samples obtained from biopsy were immediately placed in 10% formalin for storage. After hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, the tissues were imaged, and the pathological changes were scored. All secondary outcomes were measured on the day of enrollment and during the 12^th week after enrollment in the trial.

All patients were followed-up by phone, email, or other methods in the 24^th week regarding changes in disease and medication conditions. During the follow-up period (weeks 12-24), patients who had aggravated symptoms with a CDAI score greater than 150 and a CDAI score increase greater than 70 points were defined as patients with recurrence.

The safety evaluation included the following three aspects: vital sign monitoring including post-treatment temperature, respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and liver and kidney function; acupuncture abnormalities including bleeding, hematoma, fainting during acupuncture treatment, pain in the acupuncture sites, increased blood pressure, and other adverse reactions; and moxibustion abnormalities including skin burns, blistering, or other discomfort caused by moxibustion.

Statistical analysis

According to the literature, the effective rate of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of CD is 56%[9]. Our group previously used a non-randomized concurrent control method to conduct a pilot study that demonstrated an effective rate of herb-partitioned moxibustion and acupuncture in the treatment of CD of 86.67%[10]. Therefore, the current study established an expected effective rate value of 85%. The study consisted of two groups, with a significance level of α = 0.05 (one-sided) and a test power of 1 - β = 0.9. The formula for sample size estimation in comparing two sample rates was as follows:

n = (U_α + U_β)² (1 + 1/k) P (1 - P)/(P_e - P_c)²

Based on this calculation, the required sample size for each group was equal to 42 (n = 42 patients). With the addition of a 10% dropout rate (four patients), the two groups needed to include no less than 92 patients.

Statistical analyses of the baseline information and disease-related information were performed using the SPSS 16.0 software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). The primary efficacy indicator, CDAI, was analyzed using per-protocol (PP) analysis and intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, and the secondary efficacy indicator and subgroup analyses were performed using PP analysis. Normally distributed measurement data were analyzed using the t-test, and data that did not pass the normality test were analyzed using a non-parametric test (Mann-Whitney test). Count data were analyzed using the χ² test. All tests were two-sided, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Patient characteristics

Of 146 screened patients, 26 could not be included due to CDAI scores that were too low (n = 22) or too high (n = 4), refusal to participate (n = 18), or other reasons including the use of immunosuppressive therapy or traditional Chinese drugs (n = 10). A total of 92 patients were assigned to the treatment (n = 46) and control (n = 46) groups. A total of 85 patients completed the trial: of the patients in the treatment group, 43 completed the treatment, and three did not (two patients reported work obligations and one patient traveled abroad); of the patients in the control group, 42 completed the treatment and four did not (two patients presented deteriorating conditions and received prednisone at doses > 15 mg/d, one patient became pregnant, and one quit for unknown reasons). A total of 77 patients completed the follow-up study, including 40 in the treatment group and 37 in the control group (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Locations of acupoints and non-acupoints used in this trial. ST: Stomach; CV: Conception vessel; SP: Spleen; LR: Liver; KI: Kidney.

There were no statistically significant differences between the treatment group and control group in baseline data including patient age, gender, height, weight, disease duration, surgical history, disease severity, CDAI, quality of life, and Montreal classification (age at diagnosis, lesion location, and lesion type) (Table 2).

Table 2 Patient characteristics at baseline.

Characteristics	Treatment group	Control group	P value1
Age (yr); mean ± SD	36.98 ± 14.46	32.38 ± 11.83	0.113
Gender (male/female)	27/16	25/17	0.757
Height (cm)	167.47 ± 9.20	166.71 ± 6.79	0.670
Weight (kg)	53.69 ± 11.73	53.44 ± 11.73	0.924
Duration of disease (yr)	4.64 ± 3.75	4.67 ± 4.51	0.978
Prior resection (yes/no)	8/35	4/38	0.229
Severity (mild/moderate)	24/19	30/12	0.135
CDAI	210.84 ± 48.03	201.04 ± 57.13	0.394
IBDQ	157.67 ± 30.43	157.36 ± 33.19	0.963
HGB	118.05 ± 17.79	124.79 ± 20.70	0.111
ESR	21.80 ± 16.86	24.64 ± 22.28	0.625
CRP	18.52 ± 24.35	12.32 ± 13.43	0.164
Concomitant medication	27	24	0.398
Aminosalicylates	16	11
Corticosteroids	2	3
Aminosalicylates and corticosteroids	9	10
Montreal classification
Age at diagnosis
A1	2	3	0.373
A2	32	33
A3	9	6
Location
L1	6	8	0.251
L2	8	11
L3	29	23
L4	0	0
Behavior
B1	12	9	0.853
B2	2	2
B3	10	12
B1P	7	10
B2P	3	1
B3P	9	8

¹P values from comparisons between the treatment and control groups. CDAI: Crohn’s disease activity index; IBDQ: Inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire; HGB: Hemoglobin; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein.

CDAI scores

PP analysis demonstrated that the post-treatment CDAI scores of patients in the treatment group and the control group were significantly reduced compared with those measured at baseline (P = 0.000). Patients in the treatment group showed a significantly larger decrease in CDAI scores than the control group (P = 0.000). Furthermore, in the treatment group, the CDAI score during the follow-up period was significantly lower than the pre-treatment baseline (P = 0.000). Although the CDAI score of the control group was decreased during the follow-up period, the change was not statistically significant (P = 0.056). However, the difference in CDAI scores during the follow-up period between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.000). In both groups, changes in CDAI scores between the follow-up period and the post-treatment time were not significant (treatment group P = 0.094, control group P = 0.064) (Table 3, Figure 3A).

Table 3 Results of the main outcome measurement: Crohn’s disease activity index score (per-protocol and intention-to-treat analysis) (mean ± SD).

Analysis set	Group	n	Baseline	Changes from baseline to post-treatment	P value1	n	Changes from baseline to follow up	P value1
PP analysis	Treatment	43	210.84 ± 48.03	-115.35 ± 55.05b	0.000	40	-128.93 ± 64.46b	0.000
	Control	42	201.04 ± 57.13	-35.68 ± 46.91b		37	-14.32 ± 52.09
ITT analysis	Treatment	46	211.81 ± 50.97	-107.83 ± 60.47b	0.000	46	-117.85 ± 70.10b	0.000
	Control	46	200.20 ± 54.91	-32.58 ± 45.91b		46	-22.19 ± 55.31b

¹P values from comparisons between the treatment and control groups.

^bP < 0.01 vs control group. PP: Per-protocol; ITT: Intention-to-treat.

Figure 3 Main outcome measures (Crohn’s disease activity index score). A: PP analysis; B: Intention-to-treat analysis; CDAI: Crohn’s disease activity index.

The ITT analysis results were generally consistent with those of the PP analysis, with the exception that the ITT analysis showed a significant difference between the CDAI score of the control group during follow up and the baseline level before treatment (Table 3, Figure 3B).

Based on the principle that only a value equal to or greater than the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) has clinical significance, the MCID was determined to be 70 points on the CDAI scale[23], demonstrating that changes in the treatment group were clinically significant both after treatment and in the follow-up period, whereas changes in the control group were not clinically significant after treatment or in the follow-up period.

Total efficacy evaluation

The PP analysis indicated that the total treatment efficacies of the treatment and control groups were 83.72% and 40.48%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.000). The ITT analysis indicated that the total treatment efficacies of the treatment and control groups were 78.26% and 36.96%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.000) (Table 4).

Table 4 Results of the total efficacy evaluation (per-protocol and intention-to-treat analysis analysis).

Analysis set	Group	n	Clinical remission	Improved	Ineffective	P value
PP analysis	Treatment	43	32	4	7	0.000
	Control	42	15	2	25
ITT analysis	Treatment	46	32	4	10	0.000
	Control	46	15	2	29

P values from comparisons between the treatment and control groups. PP: Per-protocol; ITT: Intention-to-treat.

Quality-of-life surveys

All post-treatment IBDQ scores of patients in the treatment and control groups were increased from the pre-treatment baseline scores, with both groups showing statistically significant intragroup differences (P = 0.000). The patients in the treatment group showed a larger increase in IBDQ score than the patients in the control group, and this difference between the groups was statistically significant (P = 0.017) (Table 5).

Table 5 Results of the secondary outcome measures (n = 85) (mean ± SD).

Outcome measures	Group	Baseline	Post-treatment	Changes from baseline to post-treatment	P value
IBDQ	Treatment	157.67 ± 30.43	182.23 ± 33.07b	24.56 ± 34.15	0.017
	Control	157.36 ± 33.19	167.29 ± 29.85b	9.93 ± 19.13
HGB	Treatment	118.05 ± 17.79	123.14 ± 20.87a	5.09 ± 14.45	0.029
(g/L)	Control	124.79 ± 20.70	123.86 ± 21.23	-0.93 ± 10.07
ESR	Treatment	21.80 ± 16.86	17.85 ± 14.14	-3.77 ± 13.00	0.163
(mm/h)	Control	24.64 ± 22.28	24.41 ± 22.10	-0.21 ± 10.12
CRP	Treatment	18.52 ± 24.35	8.71 ± 8.94b	-8.67 ± 20.04	0.008
(mg/L)	Control	12.32 ± 13.43	13.60 ± 14.81	1.16 ± 12.11
CDEIS	Treatment	9.92 ± 8.94	7.64 ± 6.84	-2.28 ± 5.52	0.380
	Control	6.15 ± 3.90	5.54 ± 4.79	-0.60 ± 4.75
HS	Treatment	11.2 ± 1.47	9.00 ± 2.11b	-2.2 ± 2.21	0.029
	Control	11.07 ± 1.44	10.53 ± 2.13	-0.53 ± 1.73

P values from comparisons of changes from baseline to post treatment between the treatment and control groups (^aP < 0.05;

^bP < 0.01 vs control). IBDQ: Inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire; HGB: Hemoglobin; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; CDEIS: Crohn’s disease endoscopic index of severity.

Laboratory tests

Compared with the baseline values obtained prior to treatment, the HGB levels of the patients in the treatment group were significantly increased after treatment (P = 0.026), whereas those of the control group were not. Furthermore, the difference in HGB level between the two groups following treatment was statistically significant (P = 0.029) (Table 5).

Compared with the baseline values before treatment, the CRP levels of the patients in the treatment group were significantly reduced after treatment (P = 0.007). Moreover, the CRP levels of the control group did not change significantly, although the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.008) (Table 5).

Compared with the baseline values before treatment, the ESR levels of the patients in the treatment and control groups were similarly decreased. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (Table 5).

Colonoscopy evaluation

The treatment and control groups both showed reduced CDEIS scores following treatment when compared with pre-treatment scores; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Likewise, there was no significant difference between the two groups (Table 5).

Histopathological scores

Compared with pre-treatment assessment, the treatment and control groups both showed reduced histopathological scores following treatment. However, only the treatment group showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.002), and the difference between the two groups was also statistically significant (P = 0.029) (Table 5).

Subgroup analysis

We also performed subgroup analysis to assess changes in the CDAI score, which served as the primary efficacy indicator, between the two groups of patients after treatment based on the subcategories of gender (male/female), disease severity (mild/moderate), the use of corticosteroids, and lesion position classification (L1-Ileal; L2-Colonic; L3-Ileocolonic). The results showed that in all subcategories, patients in the treatment and control groups did not differ significantly in terms of pre-treatment baseline values and were thus comparable. However, the subgroup analysis comparing the patient values after treatment with the pre-treatment values demonstrated that the patients in the treatment group differed significantly from the control group in terms of CDAI score changes in all subcategories, including gender (male/female), disease severity (mild/moderate), the use of corticosteroids, and lesion position classification (L1/L2/L3) (Table 6).

Table 6 Changes in Crohn’s disease activity index scores according to subgroup (baseline to post treatment) (n = 85) (mean ± SD).

Subgroup (treatment group/control group)	Treatment group	Control group	P value1
Sex
Male (27/25)	-118.84 ± 47.29	-48.97 ± 51.95	0.001
Female (16/17)	-109.48 ± 67.45	-16.14 ± 30.12	0.001
CDAI at baseline
CDAI ≤ 220 (24/30)	-110.18 ± 49.51	-26.87 ± 43.11	0.001
CDAI > 220 (19/12)	-121.89 ± 62.10	-57.70 ± 50.59	0.005
Treatment with corticosteroids
Yes (11/13)	-131.30 ± 34.25	-28.86 ± 32.35	0.001
No (32/29)	-109.87 ± 60.05	-38.73 ± 52.36	0.001
Location
L1-Ileal (6/8)	-96.77 ± 55.42	-19.70 ± 51.42	0.020
L2-Colonic (8/11)	-114.31 ± 34.93	-50.29 ± 46.47	0.005
L3-Ileocolonic (29/23)	-119.49 ± 60.00	-34.25 ± 45.56	0.001

¹P values from comparisons between treatment and control groups. CDAI: Crohn’s disease activity index.

Follow-up period assessment

A total of 77 patients, including 40 patients in the treatment group and 37 patients in the control group, completed the follow-up period. Five patients (12.5%) in the treatment group relapsed, and 12 patients (32.4%) in the control group relapsed. This difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.035).

Safety measures

A total of two adverse events were reported (2/92) during this clinical trial: one patient in the treatment group experienced pain or subcutaneous hematoma during acupuncture, and one patient in the control group received a mild burn during moxibustion. There were no serious adverse events.

DISCUSSION

This randomized controlled study evaluated the treatment efficacy of acupuncture (herb-partitioned moxibustion combined with acupuncture) for the treatment of mild to moderate CD, using placebo acupuncture (wheat bran-partitioned moxibustion combined with superficial acupuncture) as the control. The results showed that both acupuncture and placebo acupuncture significantly reduced the CDAI score of CD patients and improved their quality of life. In addition, the efficacy of acupuncture was significantly superior to placebo acupuncture, indicating that herb-partitioned moxibustion combined with acupuncture has significant therapeutic effects in addition to the placebo effect.

After 12 wk of treatment, 74% of patients in the treatment group and 36% of patients in the control group entered remission (CDAI score < 150). After treatment, 70% of patients in the treatment group and 14% of patients in the control group showed CDAI score reductions greater than 100 points. In addition, 79% of patients in the treatment group and 21% of the control group patients demonstrated a CDAI score reduction greater than 70 points. ITT analysis of follow-up observations showed that both acupuncture and placebo acupuncture had fairly good long-term efficacies and significantly reduced CDAI scores compared with the baseline level prior to treatment. Additionally, these results revealed that the conditions of the patients were maintained at a level comparable to that immediately following treatment. The PP analysis results were similar to those of the ITT analysis, except that the PP analysis showed no significant differences in the CDAI scores of the control group measured at follow-up vs baseline, suggesting that the long-term efficacy of placebo acupuncture might not be stable. Joos et al[9] also demonstrated that both acupuncture and placebo acupuncture reduced the CDAI score of patients with mild to moderate CD and that the effect of acupuncture was significantly superior to placebo acupuncture. In addition, follow-up observations indicated that acupuncture had more stable long-term efficacy, as the placebo acupuncture group demonstrated no significant difference compared with observations recorded before treatment, consistent with the results of our study. The above results suggest that acupuncture has stable short-term and long-term effects on controlling the degree of disease activity in patients with mild to moderate CD and that these effects are clearly advantageous in comparison with placebo acupuncture.

Subgroup analysis further confirmed that acupuncture treatment was significantly more effective than placebo acupuncture in the four subgroups of gender, disease severity (mild/moderate), the use of corticosteroids, and lesion position (L1/L2/L3), suggesting that acupuncture has a broad application scope for the treatment of CD and fairly good clinical efficacy for patients in all subcategories. The results of Joos et al[9] are generally consistent with our results, with the exception of a subgroup analysis based on CDAI score. In their study, the results were negative for patients with CDAI scores < 250 and positive for patients with CDAI scores ≥ 250. In contrast, we used 220 points as the cut-off score, as this score is commonly used to classify the severity of the disease as mild or moderate. It is possible that the negative results detected in the study by Joos et al[9] may be due to this different classification.

In addition, the study by Joos et al[9] also showed that acupuncture and placebo acupuncture significantly improved patient quality of life; however, there was no significant difference between the two groups, which may have been caused by the small sample size (fewer than 60 cases) and a shorter treatment course (4 wk). In addition, different acupuncture techniques might explain why the results differ between the two studies. The present study used herb-partitioned moxibustion combined with acupuncture, whereas the study by Joos et al[9] mainly applied acupuncture with needles, and only patients exhibiting yang deficiency and chill symptoms were supplemented with moxibustion treatment. Despite the fact that both studies used acupuncture combined with moxibustion for CD treatment, the differences in moxibustion methods and acupuncture points likely resulted in different treatment effects. Anemia is a common clinical manifestation in patients with CD. We chose HGB level to reflect the impact of acupuncture on peripheral red blood cell volume in patients with CD. Our results showed that acupuncture significantly increased the HGB level of CD patients, whereas placebo acupuncture had no such effects. In addition, during the active stage, CD patients have elevated CRP and ESR levels, and elevated CRP levels, in particular, often directly reflect the degree of bowel inflammatory activity[24,25]. Our results showed that acupuncture significantly reduced CRP levels in patients with CD, whereas placebo acupuncture had no such effects. The ESR levels of patients in the treatment group showed a downward trend after treatment compared with the baseline levels before treatment, but this difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, the ESR levels in patients of the control group did not change significantly. The above results suggest that acupuncture effectively controls the inflammatory response and eases intestinal inflammation. The study by Joos et al[9] also showed that CRP levels were reduced after acupuncture treatment, but their observed difference was not statistically significant.

We also assessed the effects of acupuncture on endoscopic findings and intestinal tissue histopathological scores in patients with CD. Neither the treatment group nor the control group showed significant changes in endoscopic findings after treatment, and longer observations may be required to observe any improvements in mucosal integrity. However, the patients in the treatment group showed significant reductions in intestinal tissue histology scores after treatment, and the difference between the treatment and control groups was statistically significant. The above results suggest that acupuncture may have certain beneficial effects on improving intestinal inflammation.

TCM theory suggests that weak spleen and dominant dampness are the common pathogenic mechanisms of CD patients, who exhibit varying degrees of kidney weakness and liver stagnation. Therefore, this study mainly utilized spleen enhancement and dampness reduction supplemented with kidney augmentation, soothing the liver, and qi regulation as the main treatment principle. Herb-partitioned moxibustion is a treatment method that has been used for many years by our research team to treat diseases such as CD[10,26-28], ulcerative colitis[12,29-31], and irritable bowel syndrome[32,33]. The TCM ingredients in herbal cakes gently augment the spleen and kidney, remove dampness, and regulate qi. Thermal stimulation generated during moxa stick combustion strengthens the action of this effect. The acupuncture points used in the current treatment were based on the principles of Chinese medicine and the common pathogenesis of patients with CD. The control group in this study received wheat bran-partitioned moxibustion combined with superficial acupuncture to maintain patient blinding. In addition, the same acupoints were used in both wheat bran-partitioned moxibustion and herb-partitioned moxibustion treatments. Because the abdomen contains a relatively large number of meridians and acupoints, the local warm sensation produced by moxibustion often affects a large area of the abdomen. Therefore, although we chose a non-meridian and non-acupoint zone 1-2 cm away for the placebo group, the warm sensation likely spread to nearby acupoints, which may have been detrimental to the placebo moxibustion control. In addition, our group previously performed clinical studies on herb-partitioned moxibustion for the treatment of ulcerative colitis[12], using wheat bran-partitioned separated moxibustion as the placebo-control and the same acupoints for the two groups. The results showed that there were significant differences in the clinical efficacy between the herb-partitioned moxibustion treatment and the wheat bran-partitioned moxibustion treatment, suggesting that wheat bran-partitioned moxibustion is a fairly appropriate model for placebo moxibustion. Although both treatment methods produce thermal stimulation, different ingredients in the herbal cakes are the reasons underlying the differences in efficacy between the two groups. Moreover, we cannot rule out the effect of superficial acupuncture in the control group; this may be an important factor contributing to the effects produced in the control group in addition to the placebo effect. Although there is controversy regarding the use of superficial acupuncture as a placebo control because superficial acupuncture may produce treatment effects[34], a large number of studies have used this method[9,11,35-38]. Our study demonstrated positive safety features and high patient compliance; only two patients experienced mild adverse events, which can likely be avoided in future studies. In addition, acupuncture is highly cost-effective, representing a clear advantage in comparison with other medications for the treatment of CD[39-41].

Although our study and studies from other groups have shown that acupuncture has a positive effect as a treatment for CD, the mechanism of how acupuncture achieves its treatment efficacy is not fully understood. Our team previously conducted studies on the mechanisms of acupuncture for the treatment of CD. The results suggested that acupuncture and/or moxibustion might inhibit the abnormal expression of the inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and TNFR1, in the colonic mucosa and peripheral blood of a rat model of CD. These changes may subsequently reduce colonic epithelial cell apoptosis, improve colonic epithelial barrier structure and function, and increase the expression of the colonic epithelial tight junction proteins occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1 via the TNF-α/TNFR1 pathway, thereby reducing intestinal inflammation in CD model rats, restoring/protecting the colonic epithelial barrier, and ultimately achieving the goal of alleviating chronic bowel inflammation in CD[26-28].

The present study did have certain limitations. During the follow-up period, only the primary efficacy indicator, CDAI, was evaluated; the secondary efficacy indicators, such as IBDQ and laboratory parameters, were not recorded. Moreover, the patients’ anxiety and depression scale scores were not measured in the present study. Thus, future trials should consider the above limitations.

In summary, the clinical efficacy of herb-partitioned moxibustion combined with acupuncture in mild to moderate CD was significantly better than placebo acupuncture. In addition to the placebo effect, the treatment provided significant additional therapeutic effects. Thus, herb-partitioned moxibustion combined with acupuncture represents an effective and safe therapy for the clinical treatment of mild to moderate CD.

COMMENTS

Background

In Asia, particularly in China, the incidence of Crohn’s disease (CD) has increased steadily. Although certain medicinal treatments have been administered for CD, several disadvantages have limited their long-term clinical application. Therefore, increasing numbers of patients are seeking alternative medical therapies, particularly those involving acupuncture. However, the efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of CD has not been fully established.

Research frontiers

This research team has performed clinical and basic research on acupuncture and moxibustion for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, including CD and ulcerative colitis, for more than 30 years. Although previous studies have demonstrated that this treatment can relieve the symptoms of CD, more observation is required to confirm its efficacy on peripheral inflammation levels, the capacity of blood cells, and intestinal endoscopic and histopathologic changes.

Innovations and breakthroughs

Herb-partitioned moxibustion and acupuncture not only reduced the disease activity index and improved quality of life, but also alleviated intestinal inflammation and improved hemoglobin levels in CD patients. Most importantly, few side effects were observed. The authors found that herb-partitioned moxibustion combined with acupuncture is an effective and safe treatment for mild to moderate CD. In addition to the placebo effect, it also provided significant therapeutic effects.

Applications

The results of the present study suggest that herb-partitioned moxibustion combined with acupuncture has the potential to be a very useful adjunct therapy for mild to moderate CD.

Terminology

Herb-partitioned moxibustion is a critical component of moxibustion therapy for disease treatment. It is performed by placing a cake of herbs (dispensing a traditional Chinese medicinal formula) on the patient’s acupoints, followed by the placement and ignition of moxa cones, composed of refined mugwort floss, on the herbal cake.

Peer review

This is a well-conducted study that evaluates the clinical efficacy and safety of herb-partitioned moxibustion combined with acupuncture for the treatment of active CD. The authors show the overall efficacy of the treatment was significantly greater than that of the control. In addition, the patients in the treatment group showed significantly increased hemoglobin and significantly decreased C-reactive protein levels and histopathological scores at the end of treatment, whereas the control group did not exhibit significant changes. Herb-partitioned moxibustion combined with acupuncture is therefore an effective and safe treatment method for mild and moderate CD.