Therapeutic potential of curcumin in digestive diseases

Table 2 Curcumin’s anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects

Anti-inflammatory effects	Anticancer effects
Downregulation of NF-κB,	Inhibition of carcinogen activation
Inhibition, via NF-κB, of COX-2, lipoxygenase, and iNOS enzymes	Stimulation of carcinogen detoxification
Inhibition of the inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1, -2, -6, -8, and -12, MCP, and migration inhibitory protein	Suppression of pro-inflammatory signaling
Inhibition of PPAR-g	Inhibition of STAT
	Induction of cancer cell apoptosis cell cycle arrest
	Inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis
	Modulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; MCP: Monocyte chemoattractant protein; PPAR-g: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2.