Growth factor receptors and related signalling pathways as targets for novel treatment strategies of hepatocellular cancer

Table 4 Agents of multi-kinase- and growth factor independent inhibition for the therapy of solid tumours

Name	Target	Mechanism	Current status
Sorafenib	c-Raf-1,	Tyrosine kinase inhibitor	Approved for advanced RCC
	B-Raf, VEGFR, PDGFR		Phase III for advanced HCC[108]
			Phase II for melanoma[106], breast cancer[158] and NSCLC[159]
			Phase Ifor advanced solid tumours[160]
Everolimus (RAD001)	mTOR	Tyrosine kinase inhibitor	Phase II for colorectal cancer[165]
			PhaseI/II for advanced HCC[117116]
			PhaseIfor endometrial and brain tumours[111112]
Temsirolimus (CCI-779)	mTOR	Tyrosine kinase inhibitor	Phase II for metastatic breast cancer[161], advanced RCC[162], and mantle cell lymphoma[163]
			PhaseIfor advanced solid tumours (e.g. colorectal, ovarian, lung cancer)[164]
AP23573	mTOR	Tyrosine kinase inhibitor	Phase II for sarcomas of soft tissue and bone[114]
			PhaseIfor advanced solid tumours
Bortezomib (Velcade)	Proetasome	Proteasome inhibitor	Approved for multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma[125]
			Phase II for colorectal cancer[166], neuroendocrine tumours[128], sarcoma[126], RCC[127], and NSCLC[129]
			PhaseI/II for unresectable HCC[132]
			PhaseIfor advanced solid tumours[167]