Lei XF, Ke Y, Bao TH, Tang HR, Wu XS, Shi ZT, Lin J, Zhang ZX, Gu H, Wang L. Effect and safety of sorafenib in patients with intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma who received transarterial chemoembolization: A retrospective comparative study. World J Clin Cases 2018; 6(5): 74-83 [PMID: 29774219 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v6.i5.74]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Lin Wang, PhD, Professor, Surgical Oncologist, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 1168 Chunrongxi Road, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, China. wanglin@acgxg.com
Research Domain of This Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Article-Type of This Article
Retrospective Cohort Study
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Clin Cases. May 16, 2018; 6(5): 74-83 Published online May 16, 2018. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v6.i5.74
Effect and safety of sorafenib in patients with intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma who received transarterial chemoembolization: A retrospective comparative study
Xue-Fen Lei, Jie Lin, Zhi-Xian Zhang, Hou Gu, Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
Yang Ke, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
Tian-Hao Bao, The Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
Hao-Ran Tang, Xue-Song Wu, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
Zhi-Tian Shi, Lin Wang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University; Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
Author contributions: Lei XF, Ke Y, Bao TH, Tang HR and Wang L contributed to the conception and design; Lei XF, Ke Y, Bao TH, Tang HR, Wu XS and Shi ZT contributed to the collection and assembly of data; Lei XF, Ke Y, Bao TH, Tang HR, Lin J, Zhang ZX and Gu H contributed to the analysis and interpretation of data; Lei XF, Ke Y, Bao TH and Tang HR contributed to the drafting of the manuscript; Lei XF, Ke Y, Bao TH, Tang HR contributed equally to this work.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81360360 and No. 81660399; Yunnan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Major Surgical Diseases (2014); Innovation Research Team Project of Yunnan Institutions of Higher Education (2014); Innovation Research Team Project of Yunnan Province, No. 2015HC033; Yunnan Provincial Academician Workstation of Xiaoping Chen (2016); Breeding Program for Major Scientific and Technological Research Achievements of Kunming Medical University, No. CGPY201607; and the Medical Leading Talent Project of Yunnan Province (to Wang L), No. L201622.
Institutional review board statement: This study was reviewed and approved for publication by our Institutional Reviewer.
Informed consent statement: Patients were not required to give informed consent to the study because the analysis used anonymous data that were obtained after each patient agreed to treatment by written consent.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Lin Wang, PhD, Professor, Surgical Oncologist, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 1168 Chunrongxi Road, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, China. wanglin@acgxg.com
Telephone: +86-871-63402861 Fax: +86-871-65335752
Received: January 13, 2018 Peer-review started: January 13, 2018 First decision: February 27, 2018 Revised: March 4, 2018 Accepted: March 19, 2018 Article in press: March 20, 2018 Published online: May 16, 2018
Abstract
AIM
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of sorafenib plus transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) treatment for intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS
Sixty-seven patients with intermediate-stage [Barcelona Clinic liver cancer stage B (BCLC-B)] HCC who were treated with sorafenib plus TACE or TACE alone between 2009 and 2011 were included in the study. Follow-up was until 2014 or patient death. Two groups were defined in the experiment: The experimental group, treated with sorafenib plus TACE, and the control group, treated with standard TACE alone.
RESULTS
The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the median overall survival (mOS) of the experimental group was 35.2 mo, while that of the control group was 22.0 mo (P < 0.05). Sorafenib plus TACE showed higher incidence rates of rash, hand-foot syndrome (HFS), and hypertension (P < 0.05) than TACE treatment alone.
CONCLUSION
Sorafenib plus TACE treatment for BCLC-B HCC significantly prolonged the mOS of patients compared to TACE treatment alone. The most common toxicities with sorafenib were rash (31.6%), HFS (39.5%) and hypertension (31.6%), but there were no intolerable adverse events. The Cox multivariate analysis showed that the survival of patients with BCLC-B HCC depended on the Child-Pugh classification, tumor diameter, and treatment with sorafenib plus TACE compared to TACE alone.
Core tip: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common digestive tract malignancy. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the standard treatment for intermediate-stage HCC, and it has a limited beneficial effect. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of sorafenib plus TACE treatment for intermediate-stage HCC. Sixty-seven patients with intermediate-stage HCC who were treated with sorafenib plus TACE or TACE alone between 2009 and 2011 were included in the study. This study confirms that sorafenib plus TACE treatment for intermediate-stage HCC significantly prolonged the median overall survival of patients compared to TACE treatment alone. Moreover, this new treatment approach showed tolerable toxicity.
Citation: Lei XF, Ke Y, Bao TH, Tang HR, Wu XS, Shi ZT, Lin J, Zhang ZX, Gu H, Wang L. Effect and safety of sorafenib in patients with intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma who received transarterial chemoembolization: A retrospective comparative study. World J Clin Cases 2018; 6(5): 74-83
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer among males and is also the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality; there are 9 and 6, respectively, among females around the world[1]. China, the incidence and deaths of HCC account for more than 50% of HCC cases in the world, is still facing the great challenge of disease burden caused by liver cancer[2]. HCC results in over 650000 deaths per year in the world[3]. HCC with occult onset has a high degree of malignancy and develops quickly, and the majority of patients who are diagnosed at a later stage cannot undergo surgical resection[4,5].
These patients who are not suitable for surgical treatment usually use transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), which achieves a limited beneficial effect[6]. The method has a high rate of local tumor control and has been observed to increase the survival of patients with intermediate-stage [Barcelona Clinic liver cancer stage B (BCLC-B)] HCC[7]. However, hypoxia caused by TACE in viable tumor cells leads to the release of angiogenic growth factors, which can induce tumor recurrence or metastasis and a poor outcome for patients[8].
Recently, with the molecular mechanism of HCC pathogenesis studied in-depth and targeted drug research and development, the multi-target signal transduction agent sorafenib has been FDA- and China FDA (CFDA)-approved for the treatment of HCC that cannot be surgically resected and presents distant metastases[9,10]. Sorafenib has been shown to inhibit tumor angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis characteristics[11,12].
Sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, delays tumor progression in patients with HCC by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis[13-16]. TACE can induce the excessive production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and VEGF can promote disease progression or metastasis[17,18]. Since sorafenib can inhibit VEGF growth, TACE combined with sorafenib can reduce the excessive production of VEGF in order to compensate for this effect of TACE, thereby enhancing the therapeutic effect[7]. Therefore, the combination of TACE with sorafenib may provide a benefit for patients with HCC. Many studies have reported that TACE combined with sorafenib significantly prolonged the median overall survival (mOS) time or time to progression (TTP) for patients with unresectable HCC[19-21]. Most of the patients included in these studies had BCLC-B HCC. To date, limited data have focused on the combination of TACE with sorafenib for BCLC-B HCC. Therefore, in this study, a retrospective comparative study to investigate the role of sorafenib plus TACE in BCLC-B HCC was conducted.
Sixty-seven patients with BCLC-B HCC were enrolled in this study. The clinical efficacy and adverse effects of the molecular-targeted drug sorafenib for the treatment of BCLC-B HCC were evaluated retrospectively. The factors influencing the curative effect and prognosis were analyzed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the combination of sorafenib with TACE vs traditional TACE in patients with BCLC-B HCC. This study provides important information for clinicians who are interested in using sorafenib plus TACE to treat BCLC-B HCC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients
The retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University Ethics Committee for Clinical Investigation and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and good clinical practices.
We retrospectively enrolled 67 patients who had BCLC-B disease at the time of their initial diagnosis. Sixty-seven patients with BCLC-B HCC who were treated with sorafenib plus TACE or TACE alone between 2009 and 2011 were included. Follow-up was until 2014 or patient death. Two groups were defined in the experiment: the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group was treated with sorafenib plus TACE, and the control group was treated with standard TACE. The subjects included in the study met the following criteria: (1) Eligible patients (≥ 18 years old) who were staged according to the BCLC staging classification; (2) the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) 0, Child-Pugh A or B, according to the diagnosis using computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which was confirmed by B-ultrasound, CT-guided postoperative liver biopsy or enhanced CT/MRI; (3) modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) evaluation criteria of at least one target lesion; and (4) complete case data. Patients were excluded if (1) They underwent hepatectomy, systemic chemotherapy or radiotherapy; (2) they underwent interferon therapy; (3) they had HIV, secondary primary malignancy or a serious illness; (4) if they had alcoholism; (5) if they had drug addiction; or (6) if they were pregnant or lactating women. Thirty-eight patients were treated with sorafenib combined with TACE and were included in the experimental group. Another 29 patients received TACE alone and were included in the control group.
Sorafenib plus TACE treatment
Sorafenib was administered when the liver function was close to normal, following the first TACE. Patients received a dose of 400 mg sorafenib twice daily[22]. However, the dose was adjusted according to the severity of toxicity. Dose reduction was made according to the product characteristics and international recommendations[23]. Treatment with sorafenib was maintained until clinical and/or radiological progression, until intolerable adverse effects (AEs) occurred, until death, or until patient refusal[24]. All patients treated with sorafenib plus TACE were evaluated for clinical characteristics and toxicity management every 4 wk[22]. TACE was repeated every month if target lesions were detected as a treatment response of partial response (PR) or stable disease (SD), without deterioration of liver biochemistry[25].
Transarterial chemoembolization
TACE used the traditional technology[26]. Iodized oil, an embolic agent, and chemotherapy drugs (100-150 mg oxaliplatin combined with 0.75-1.0 g fluorouracil) were combined into a suspension. The use of iodized oil as a drug carrier allows the treatment to have an affinity for the tumor, allows the introduction of chemotherapy drugs into the cancer tissue, and plays a lasting role in embolization chemotherapy[27].
Case data extraction
The follow-up data collection ended in 2014 or patient death. We compiled a detailed record of the patients’ treatments and end points. Patient survival time was monitored from the beginning of TACE to the last follow-up or to a patient’s death. There were 1 and 3 patients lost during the follow-up who were in the experimental treatment group and the control treatment group, respectively. Information extracted from each case included the following: (1) gender; (2) age; (3) Eastern Coorperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS); (4) Child-Pugh classification; (5) serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentration; (6) serum albumin concentration; (7) serum total bilirubin concentration; (8) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration; (9) tumor diameter; (10) TACE times; (11) treatment methods; (12) survival status; (13) survival time; (14) efficacy; (15) follow-up time; and (16) AEs.
Efficacy and toxicity assessments
Response evaluation was performed according to mRECIST[28]. CT or MRI was used for treatment response assessment. The AEs included fatigue, diarrhea, rash, nausea, HFS, hypertension, vomiting, and bone marrow suppression. The results were analyzed retrospectively. Adverse reactions were assessed based on information that was noted in the medical records and graded according to the National Cancer Institute’s Common Toxicity Rating Standard version 4.03 (NCI-CTCAE v4.03)[29].
Statistical analysis
The main outcomes evaluated included overall survival (OS) and toxicity. Additional outcomes included objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR). OS was calculated from treatment to death from any cause. OS is the primary endpoint of the study.
The data are presented as the mean ± SD. The mean values of the outcomes for the two groups were compared using t-tests, and the rates were compared using χ2 tests. Survival analysis was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier survival method. OS as an independent prognostic factor was assessed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Data collection, processing and statistical analysis were performed using the SPSS version 22.0 statistical software package.
RESULTS
Baseline characteristics
Sixty-seven patients with BCLC-B disease were included; 38 patients were treated with sorafenib combined with TACE and treated as the experimental group. Another 29 patients received TACE alone and were treated as the control group. Baseline data included gender, age, ECOG PS, Child-Pugh classification, tumor diameter, TACE times, and serum albumin, serum total bilirubin, LDH, and AFP serum concentrations. There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics between the experimental group and the control group (P > 0.05) (Table 1).
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population.
Characteristics
Sorafenib + TACE (n = 38)
TACE (n = 29)
P value
Gender, Male/Female
24 (63.2%)/14 (36.8%)
18 (62.1%)/11 (37.9%)
> 0.05
Age (mean ± SD, yr)
52 ± 5
51 ± 6
> 0.05
ECOG PS 0/1/2/3/4 (%)
38 (100%)/0 (0%)/0/(0%) 0/(0%)
29 (100%)/0 (0%)/0/(0%) 0/(0%)
> 0.05
Child-Pugh A/B
25 (65.8%)/13 (34.2%)
19 (65.5%)/10 (34.5%)
> 0.05
Tumor diameter (cm) ≥ 6/< 6
14 (36.8%)/24 (63.2%)
10 (34.5%)/19 (65.5%)
> 0.05
Serum albumin (g/L) ≥ 35/< 35
20 (52.6%)/18 (47.4%)
16 (55.2%)/13 (44.8%)
> 0.05
Serum bilirubin (umol/L) ≥ 20/< 20
11 (28.9%)/27 (71.1%)
8 (27.6%)/21 (72.4%)
> 0.05
LDH (U/L) ≥ 245/< 245
23 (60.5%)/15 (39.5%)
16 (55.2%)/13 (44.8%)
> 0.05
AFP (ng/mL) ≥ 200/< 200
25 (65.8%)/13 (34.2%)
19 (65.5%)/10 (34.5%)
> 0.05
Number of TACE ≥ 2/< 2
19 (50.0%)/19 (50.0%)
14 (48.3%)/15 (51.7%)
> 0.05
Univariate analysis of all patients for OS
In this study, 2 patients in the experimental group discontinued treatment due to grade 3 AEs at 4 mo and 6 mo, respectively. Two patients stopped treatment at 2 mo and 3 mo, respectively, due to poor financial conditions. Among the 67 patients, 42 were male, and 25 were female. The median age was 57 years (range: 38-71 years). The median follow-up time was 23.0 mo (range: 5.0-40.0 mo). Factors used in the univariate analysis and the number of patients who exhibited each are as follows: ECOG PS 0 (n = 67); Child-Pugh A (n = 44) and Child-Pugh B (n = 23); AFP ≥ 200 ng/ml (n = 44) and AFP < 200 ng/ml (n = 23); LDH ≥ 245 U/L (n = 39) and LDH < 245 U/L (n = 28); serum albumin ≥ 35 g/L (n = 36) and serum albumin < 35 g/L (n = 31); serum total bilirubin ≥ 20 µmol/L (n = 19) and serum total bilirubin < 20 µmol/L (n = 48); tumor diameter ≥ 6 cm (n = 24) and tumor diameter < 6 cm (n = 43); and sorafenib combined with TACE (n = 38) and TACE alone (n = 29). Table 2 shows detailed information for the univariate analysis of all patients for OS. Univariate survival analysis showed that Child-Pugh status, baseline tumor diameter, serum total bilirubin levels, AFP levels, and TACE combined with sorafenib had a significant influence on OS (P < 0.05). However, gender, age, serum albumin levels, LDH levels, and TACE times were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
Table 2 Univariate analysis of all patients for overall survival.
Characteristic
n (%)
mOS (mo)
95%CI
P value
χ2
Gender
Male
42 (62.7)
33.4
28.03-38.77
0.659
0.195
Female
25 (37.3)
35.2
30.40-40.00
Age (yr)
≥ 57
26 (38.8)
33.0
29.34-36.66
0.178
1.818
< 57
41 (61.2)
35.2
32.58-37.82
Child-Pugh
A
44 (65.7)
35.2
31.00-39.40
0.000
17.805
B
23 (34.3)
21.0
16.22-25.78
Tumor diameter (cm)
≥ 6
24 (35.8)
20.0
14.51-25.49
0.016
5.815
< 6
43 (64.2)
35.2
32.63-37.77
Serum albumin (g/L)
≥ 35
36 (53.7)
36.0
33.34-38.66
0.066
3.39
< 35
31 (46.3)
23.0
18.25-27.75
Serum bilirubin (umol/L)
≥ 20
19 (28.4)
24.0
18.27-29.73
0.006
7.612
< 20
48 (71.6)
35.0
32.52-37.48
LDH (U/L)
≥ 245
39 (58.2)
28.0
24.83-31.17
0.143
2.143
< 245
28 (41.8)
33.0
31.19-34.81
AFP (ng/mL)
≥ 200
44 (65.7)
28.0
20.50-35.50
0.011
6.448
< 200
23 (34.3)
32.0
25.86-38.14
Number of TACE
≥ 2
33 (49.3)
29.8
23.14-36.46
0.079
3.809
< 2
34 (50.7)
36.6
35.12-38.08
Sorafenib + TACE
38 (56.7)
35.2
30.02-40.38
0.000
12.645
TACE
29 (43.3)
22.0
21.23-22.77
Multivariate analyses of predictive factors for OS
Child-Pugh classification, tumor diameter, serum total bilirubin levels, AFP levels, and combined TACE/sorafenib treatment were subjected to the Cox multivariate regression analysis. The multivariate analysis showed that the Child-Pugh status, tumor diameter and whether the treatment was combined with sorafenib had an independent prognostic value on OS (P = 0.006, 0.018 and 0.0001, respectively), as shown in Table 3. As shown in Figure 1 and Table 4, the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the mOS of the experimental group was 35.2 mo, while that of control group was 22.0 mo (P < 0.001).
Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier survival cure for the sorafenib plus transarterial chemoembolization and the transarterial chemoembolization alone group.
Table 3 Multivariate Cox regression model analysis for overall survival.
HR
95%CI
P value
Child-pugh class
4.453
1.550-12.796
0.006
Tumor diameter
16.551
1.625-168.546
0.018
AFP
2.495
0.828-7.522
0.104
Serum bilirubin
0.894
0.292-2.731
0.843
SOR or no SOR
8.876
2.860-27.543
0.000
Table 4 Comparison of overall survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib and those treated with sorafenib plus transarterial chemoembolization.
Annual survival rate (%)
mOS (mo)
P value
1 yr
2 yr
3 yr
Sorafenib + TACE
94.7
63.2
34.6
35.2
< 0.001
TACE
96.6
42
NA
22
Treatment responses
Response evaluation was performed according to mRECIST criteria for all enrolled patients, as presented in Table 5. Sorafenib combined with TACE group and the TACE alone group were CR (12/38 31.6% vs 4/29 13.8%), PR (11/38 28.9% vs 8/29 27.6%), SD (10/38 26.3% vs 7/29 24.1%), PD (5/38 13.2% vs 10/34 34.5%), ORR (60.5% vs 41.4%) and DCR (86.8% vs 65.5%), respectively. The differences were statistically significant between treatment groups for these outcomes (P < 0.05).
Table 5 Comparison of treatment responses between the two groups of patients.
CR
PR
SD
PD
ORR
DCR
χ2
P value
Sorafenib + TACE (38)
12
11
10
5
60.5%
86.8%
21.586
0.000
TACE (29)
4
8
7
10
41.4%
65.5%
Toxicity analyses
Table 6 lists the detailed information for toxicity. The AEs included fatigue, diarrhea, rash, nausea, HFS, hypertension, vomiting, and bone marrow suppression. The results were analyzed retrospectively. None of the patients experienced a toxicity grade > 3. The most common grade 3 AEs were HFS (n = 4) and hypertension (n = 3) in the sorafenib plus TACE group. The patients were instructed during the course of treatment to be aware of post-adverse event prophylaxis, symptomatic treatment and sorafenib dose-adjustment remission. With respect to the incidence of rash, HFS and hypertension, the sorafenib plus TACE group showed a higher incidence of these adverse reactions than the control group (P < 0.05). However, the prevalence of these reactions was within the tolerable range.
Table 6 Adverse events of sorafenib plus transarterial chemoembolization treatment and transarterial chemoembolization treatment alone.
Fatigue
Diarrhea
Rash
Nausea
HFS
Hypertensive
Vomiting
Bone marrow suppression
Sorafenib + TACE (38)
17
13
12
10
15
12
9
11
TACE (29)
10
4
2
3
0
3
3
5
χ2
0.066
3.062
6.062
4.019
14.749
4.268
3.378
1.24
P value
0.793
0.061
0.014
0.056
0.000
0.039
0.066
0.265
DISCUSSION
Sorafenib has made significant progress in clinical practice, and it is an effective treatment for advanced HCC, with good measures of safety and tolerance[30-32]. The development of sorafenib has changed the traditional treatment regimen of HCC and has given patients new hope. So far, sorafenib is the only agent approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the first-line therapy of patients with advanced HCC[31]. However, whether sorafenib can be used for BCLC-B HCC or with TACE as an adjunctive adjuvant therapy after radical treatment is inconclusive[32].
Data from the SHARP clinical study and the Oriental clinical study have demonstrated that sorafenib can significantly prolong the OS of patients with advanced HCC and that the safety is also better than other treatments[32-34]. However, the survival of patients treated with sorafenib monotherapy compared with the placebo group did not have such obvious benefits[35]. The efficacy of sorafenib monotherapy for the treatment of HCC is still limited. In addition, some patients received sorafenib monotherapy after the tumor was still significantly progressing[36,37]. The efficacy of sorafenib combined with TACE for the treatment of advanced HCC is being clinically recognized[38-40]. TACE is the preferred treatment for BCLC-B HCC and is suitable for patients who cannot undergo surgical resection or if the tumor could be resected but the patient cannot tolerate surgery after further examination[41]. However, TACE usually does not result in complete necrotic lesions. TACE often induces tumor angiogenesis and stimulates tumor growth or metastasis; therefore, the disease control is limited[42,43]. First, TACE causes a hypoxic tumor microenvironment, and in the hypoxic state of tumor angiogenesis, residual tumor proliferation can occur, stimulating tumor recurrence or metastasis. Second, the effects of TACE have a limited range and time, and the procedure may need to be repeated. Third, TACE can induce an excessive production of VEGF, that can promote disease progression or metastasis[44,45]. Therefore, sorafenib can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis and delay the progress of disease in patients with HCC[11]. Moreover, sorafenib can inhibit VEGF growth. Thus, some scholars have studied the use of TACE plus sorafenib to reduce the excessive production of VEGF to compensate for this effect of TACE and enhance the therapeutic effect in recent years[46,47]. However, whether sorafenib can be combined with TACE to improve the efficacy of BCLC-B HCC was not clear and needed further study.
In this retrospective study, 67 BCLC-B HCC patients were enrolled. The patient’s baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups (Table 1). The mOS of sorafenib combined with TACE was 35.2 (95%CI: 30.02-40.38) mo, while that of TACE alone was 22.0 (95%CI: 21.23-22.77) mo. These data show that TACE combined with sorafenib can prolong the mOS of BCLC-B HCC patients. Compared with the control group, the experimental group had a significantly longer mOS (P < 0.001). For the experimental group, the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates were 94.7%, 63.2% and 34.6%, respectively. For the control group, the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates were 96.6%, 42.0% and 0, respectively (Table 4, Figure 1). Our major finding was that sorafenib plus TACE treatment for BCLC-B HCC can significantly prolong the mOS of patients. The reason may be that sorafenib acts as a multi-kinase inhibitor and inhibits tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, thereby delaying tumor progression in BCLC-B HCC. Sorafenib combined with TACE can inhibit VEGF growth to compensate for the excessive production of VEGF following TACE and thus enhance the therapeutic effect.
The survival curves of this study showed that in the first 20 mo, the experimental group has a shorter survival time than the control group (Figure 1). The rationale for this observation is that the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis is a comparison of survival rates by the curve, rather than at a certain point in time. Some studies[48,49] show that sorafenib targeting is effective at inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and that the prolonged use of sorafenib is reflected gradually so after a period of treatment in the sorafenib plus TACE group. Disease progression is often due to the heterogeneity of the tumor or the emergence of resistance in treatment. Patients with high tumor heterogeneity tend to develop PD early in treatment, whereas resistant patients often appear during treatment. Short-term sorafenib use may increase tumor invasion and metastasis, which are common problems related to VEGF inhibition. The early outcome of the experimental group was slightly worse than the control group, but the later outcome of the experimental group was significantly better than the control group.
The results of this study also showed that the Child-Pugh grade, tumor diameter and the combination treatment with sorafenib were three independent factors that affect the mOS. According to Child-Pugh grading criteria, patients with Child-Pugh A are without hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding, or other serious complications. Moreover, with a tumor diameter smaller, there is a smaller tumor burden. Therefore, treatment efficacy and compliance is improved.
The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) in the experimental group were 60.5% and 86.8%, respectively. The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) the control group was 41.4% and 65.5%, respectively. The χ2 test showed that the χ2 value was 21.586, and the difference between the treatment groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05; Table 5). The results indicated that the molecular-targeted drug sorafenib for the treatment of BCLC-B HCC had a significant effect.
No patients experienced a toxicity grade > 3. The toxicity profile of sorafenib in our study is similar to what has been reported previously[50-52].The most common grade 3 AEs were HFS (n = 4) and hypertension (n = 3) in the sorafenib plus TACE group. The patients were instructed during the course of treatment to be aware of post-adverse event prophylaxis, symptomatic treatment and sorafenib dose-adjustment remission. The incidences of rash, HFS and hypertension were 12/38 (31.6%), 15/38 (39.5%), and 12/38 (31.6%), respectively, consistent with the results reported in the study. However, the prevalence of these reactions was within the tolerable range. The majority of AEs were alleviated with supportive symptomatic treatment and dosage adjustment.
The presence of sufloxacin-induced adverse reactions and the high cost of sorafenib limit the clinical applications. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of adverse reactions is also the key to ensure treatment compliance in patients, and active measures to slow or eliminate the adverse reactions during treatment and to maximize the quality of life will achieve the best therapeutic effect.
However, considering the design of this study is a small-scale retrospective comparative analysis, there is a need for well-designed multi-center, randomized, controlled trials to further explore the factors that affect the prognosis of survival. Additional areas that need to be studied include whether TACE affects the patient’s liver function and if this will affect sorafenib treatment and repeated TACE can induce systemic therapy (i.e., sorafenib molecular-targeting therapy) resistance, which in turn may increase tumor recurrence and metastasis. In order to improve the survival and quality of life of patients with HCC, sorafenib combined with the timing of TACE is also important. In addition, clinical work can explore the optimal combination of sorafenib and TACE, especially the best time for the TACE procedure to reduce the adverse reactions and increase patient compliance.
In conclusion, our results confirm that sorafenib plus TACE treatment for BCLC-B HCC significantly prolonged the mOS of patients compared to TACE treatment alone. Moreover, this new treatment approach showed tolerable toxicity. This study provides important information for clinicians who are interested in using sorafenib plus TACE therapies to treat BCLC-B HCC.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the standard treatment for mid-term [Barcelona Clinical Liver Cancer Stage B (BCLC-B)] hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, it limited beneficial effect. In recent years, several reports described the outcome Sorafenib combined with TACE for hepatocellular carcinoma; however the results are inconsistent. Moreover, most of these studies were conducted in developed countries. For developing countries, the data was few.
Research motivation
The aging population is growing at a remarkable rate all over the world. HCC incidence and age have a certain relationship. The incidence of HCC is increasing year by year, threatening people’s health. HCC with occult onset has a high degree of malignancy and spread quickly, and the majority of patients who are diagnosed at a later stage can not undergo surgical resection. These patients who are not suitable for surgical treatment usually use TACE, which achieves a limited beneficial effect. Therefore, we conducted the study, retrospective study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of sorafenib plus TACE treatment for BCLC-B HCC in Chinese patients.
Research objectives
The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of sorafenib plus TACE treatment for BCLC-B HCC.
Research methods
A retrospective comparative study collected data was conducted at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University. Sixty-seven patients with BCLC-B HCC who were treated with sorafenib plus TACE or TACE alone between 2009 and 2011 were included in the study. Follow-up was until 2014. Two groups were defined in the experiment: the experimental group, treated with sorafenib plus TACE, and the control group, treated with standard TACE alone. Compared to the safety and effectiveness of the two groups.
Research results
The analysis showed that the median overall survival (mOS) of the experimental group was 35.2 mo, while that of the control group was 22.0 mo (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, sorafenib plus TACE showed higher incidence rates of rash, hand-foot syndrome (HFS), and hypertension (P < 0.05) than TACE treatment alone. The most common toxicities with sorafenib were rash (31.6%), HFS (39.5%) and hypertension (31.6%), but there were no intolerable adverse events.
Research conclusions
TACE is the preferred treatment for BCLC-B HCC and is suitable for patients who can not undergo surgical resection or who can be resected but who can not tolerate surgery after further examination. However, TACE usually does not result in complete necrotic lesions. TACE generally induces tumor angiogenesis and stimulates tumor growth or metastasis; therefore, disease control is limited. Sorafenib can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis and delay the progression of the disease in HCC patients. Moreover, sorafenib can inhibit the growth of VEGF. Some scholars have studied the use of TACE plus sorafenib to reduce the excessive production of VEGF to compensate for this effect of TACE and improve the therapeutic effect. Therefore, we conducted this work. Sorafenib plus TACE treatment for BCLC-B HCC significantly prolonged the mOS of patients compared to TACE treatment alone. The most common toxicities with sorafenib were rash (31.6%), HFS (39.5%) and hypertension (31.6%), but there were no intolerable adverse events. The results of this study also showed that the Child-Pugh grade, tumor diameter and the combination treatment with sorafenib were three independent factors that affect the mOS. This study confirms that sorafenib plus TACE treatment for BCLC-B HCC significantly prolonged the mOS of patients compared to TACE treatment alone. Moreover, this new treatment approach showed tolerable toxicity. However, whether Sorafenib can be used in combination with TACE to improve the efficacy of BCLC-B HCC requires a prospective and large sample study.
Research perspectives
Due to small sample sizes and retrospective studies, it can be difficult to draw reliable conclusions. In conclusion, our results confirm that sorafenib plus TACE treatment for BCLC-B HCC significantly prolonged the mOS of patients compared to TACE treatment alone. Moreover, this new treatment approach showed tolerable toxicity. This study provides important information for clinicians who are interested in using sorafenib plus TACE therapies to treat BCLC-B HCC.
Footnotes
Manuscript source: Invited manuscript
Specialty type: Medicine, research and experimental
Country of origin: China
Peer-review report classification
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P- Reviewer: Aghakhani A, Gad EH, Zafrakas M S- Editor: Wang XJ L- Editor: A E- Editor: Wang CH
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