Published online Oct 10, 2016. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v7.i5.406
Peer-review started: February 22, 2016
First decision: March 25, 2016
Revised: June 18, 2016
Accepted: August 11, 2016
Article in press: August 13, 2016
Published online: October 10, 2016
To identify factors associated with Papanicolaou-smear (Pap-smear) cervical cancer screening rates in a safety net population.
From January 2012 to May 2013, the use of Pap-smear was determined for all patients seen at the breast clinic in a safety net hospital. Health literacy assessment was performed using the validated Newest Vital Sign. The records of patients were reviewed to determine if they had undergone Pap-smears for cervical cancer screening. Sociodemographic information was collected included age, education, monthly income, race/ethnicity, employment, insurance status, and primary care provider of the patient. Logistic regression analysis was then performed to determine factors associated with utilization of Pap-smears. Crude and adjusted odds ratios derived from multivariate logistic regression models were calculated as well as the associated 95%CIs and P-values.
Overall, 39% had Pap-smears in the prior 15 mo, 1377 consecutive women were seen during the study period and their records were reviewed. Significantly more patients with adequate health literacy underwent Pap-smears as compared to those with limited health literacy (59% vs 34%, P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, patients with adequate health literacy, younger patients, and those with later age of first live birth were more likely to undergo Pap-smears. Patients whose primary care providers were gynecologists were also significantly more likely to have Pap-smears compared to other specialties (P < 0.0001). Patients younger than 21 years or older than 65 years underwent screening less frequently (11% and 11%, respectively) than those 21-64 years (41%, P < 0.0001). Race, ethnicity, language, and insurance status were not associated with Pap-smear screening rates.
Patient health literacy and primary care physician were associated with Pap-smear utilization. Development of interventions to target low health literacy populations could improve cervical cancer screening.
Core tip: Patient health literacy and type of primary care physician were associated with Papanicolaou-smear utilization. Development of interventions to target low health literacy populations could improve cervical cancer screening and therefore improve screening in populations most at risk for cervical cancer.