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©The Author(s) 2017. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
How far cardio metabolic and psychological factors affect salt sensitivity in normotensive adult population?
Masoumeh Sadeghi, Hamidreza Roohafza, Masoud Pourmoghaddas, Omid Behnamfar, Zahra Pourmoghaddas, Ebrahim Heidari, Zahra Mahjoor, Mehdi Mousavi, Ahmad Bahonar, Nizal Sarrafzadegan
Masoumeh Sadeghi, Ebrahim Heidari, Mehdi Mousavi, Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8187698191, Iran
Hamidreza Roohafza, Masoud Pourmoghaddas, Omid Behnamfar, Zahra Mahjoor, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8187698191, Iran
Zahra Pourmoghaddas, Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81745-319, Iran
Ahmad Bahonar, Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8187698191, Iran
Author contributions: Sadeghi M, Roohafza H, Pourmoghaddas M, Pourmoghaddas Z and Sarrafzadegan N contributed to the design of the study; Heidari E, Mahjoor Z, Mousavi M and Bahonar A participated in data collection; Sadeghi M, Roohafza H, Behnamfar O and Sarrafzadegan N participated in data analysis and contributed to manuscript drafting; all authors participated in critical revision of the manuscript; all authors approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.
Supported by Cardiovascular Research Institute grant, No. 89107.
Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the Cardiovascular Research Institute.
Informed consent statement: All study participants, provided informed written consent prior to study enrollment.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors report no conflicts of interest to disclose relative to this research.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Professor, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram St, PO Box: 81465-1148, Isfahan 8187698191, Iran. nsarrafzadegan@gmail.com
Telephone: +98-31-33359090 Fax: +98-31-33373435
Received: July 21, 2016
Peer-review started: July 26, 2016
First decision: September 5, 2016
Revised: October 8, 2016
Accepted: November 1, 2016
Article in press: November 2, 2016
Published online: January 26, 2017
AIM
To evaluate the prevalence of salt sensitivity and the impact of cardiometabolic and psychological characteristics on salt sensitivity in normotensive population.
METHODS
Of all participants, anthropometric measurements and fasting venous blood samples were collected, and study questionnaires were completed. Salt Sensitivity was defined based on the difference in mean arterial pressure with infusion of 2 L of normal saline followed by a low sodium diet and administration of three doses of oral furosemide the day after.
RESULTS
Of 131 participants, 56 (42.7%) were diagnosed with salt sensitivity. Crude and age and sex adjusted regression analysis showed that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and depression were positively associated with salt sensitivity (OR = 1.02, 95%CI: 1.01-1.04 and OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.00-1.34, respectively).
CONCLUSION
The high prevalence of salt sensitivity and its significant relation with prevalent risk factors necessitates considering its reduction actions at the population level and the need for further research.
Core tip: Mean blood pressure can be reduced following a decrease in sodium intake in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals. Normotensive individuals with salt sensitivity trait are more likely to develop hypertension and other health problems. A relatively high prevalence of salt sensitivity has been indicated among Iranian adults. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was found to have strong positive association with salt sensitivity. Depressive individuals were more salt sensitive.
