Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2016. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Sep 15, 2016; 7(17): 396-405
Published online Sep 15, 2016. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.396
Evidence for current diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus
Ritesh Kumar, Lakshmana Perumal Nandhini, Sadishkumar Kamalanathan, Jayaprakash Sahoo, Muthupillai Vivekanadan
Ritesh Kumar, Lakshmana Perumal Nandhini, Sadishkumar Kamalanathan, Jayaprakash Sahoo, Muthupillai Vivekanadan, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India
Author contributions: Kumar R, Nandhini LP, Kamalanathan S, Sahoo J and Vivekanadan M contributed to conception and design, drafting the article and final approval of the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: None.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Jayaprakash Sahoo, Assistant Professor, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvantari Nagar, Pondicherry 605006, India. jppgi@yahoo.com
Telephone: +91-0413-2297374 Fax: +91-0413-2272067
Received: March 28, 2016
Peer-review started: March 30, 2016
First decision: May 17, 2016
Revised: June 29, 2016
Accepted: July 14, 2016
Article in press: July 18, 2016
Published online: September 15, 2016
Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable metabolic derangement afflicting several millions of individuals globally. It is associated with several micro and macrovascular complications and is also a leading cause of mortality. The unresolved issue is that of definition of the diagnostic threshold for diabetes. The World Health Organization and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) have laid down several diagnostic criteria for diagnosing diabetes and prediabetes based on the accumulating body of evidence.This review has attempted to analyse the scientific evidence supporting the justification of these differing criteria. The evidence for diagnosing diabetes is strong, and there is a concordance between the two professional bodies. The controversy arises when describing the normal lower limit of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) with little evidence favouring the reduction of the FPG by the ADA. Several studies have also shown the development of complications specific for diabetes in patients with prediabetes as defined by the current criteria though there is a significant overlap of such prevalence in individuals with normoglycemia. Large multinational longitudinal prospective studies involving subjects without diabetes and retinopathy at baseline will ideally help identify the threshold of glycemic measurements for future development of diabetes and its complications.

Keywords: Diabetes, Prediabetes, Post glucose, Microvascular complications, Macrovascular complications

Core tip: The diagnostic criteria for diabetes and prediabetes have evolved along the timeline taking into account new evidences which had developed. The major professional bodies have converged on to a consensus in developing the different thresholds for diagnosis of diabetes and associated states. Nevertheless,controversy remains on certain issues. There is need to review the evolution of these criteria, the logistics behind their adoption and their association with different complications.