Review
Copyright ©2013 Baishideng Publishing Group Co., Limited. All rights reserved.
World J Hepatol. Jun 27, 2013; 5(6): 311-322
Published online Jun 27, 2013. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i6.311
Non-viral factors contributing to hepatocellular carcinoma
Manal A Hamed, Sanaa A Ali
Manal A Hamed, Sanaa A Ali, Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
Author contributions: Hamed MA and Ali SA designed the study, wrote the review and were also involved in editing the review in addition to providing financial support for this work.
Correspondence to: Sanaa A Ali, Professor of Biochemistry, Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Division, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt. sanaa_ahmedibrahim@yahoo.com
Telephone: +20-2-33371499 Fax: +20-2-33370931
Received: February 21, 2013
Revised: May 10, 2013
Accepted: May 18, 2013
Published online: June 27, 2013
Core Tip

Core tip: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide, there are multiple non-viral factors have been implicated in the development of HCC, hemochromatosis, obesity, diabetes, alcohol and tobacco have consistently been shown to dramatically increase the rate of HCC. Oral contraceptive, aflatoxin, pesticides exposure and betel quid chewing also increase HCC risk, in addition, Wilson disease, α-1 antitrypsin deficiency, porphyries, autoimmune hepatitis, Schistosoma japonicum infection associated with positive hepatitis B surface antigen, and thorotrast-ray are contributing in the prevalence of the disease. Moreover, primary biliary cirrhosis, congestive liver disease and family history of liver cancer play a significant role of disease progression.