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⊙研究原著⊙
去铁疗法在实验性肝损伤中的保护作用
白
玉1
曹治宸1
庄甲举2
勾凌燕2
刘景冬2
宋艳改1
1河北医科大学第三医院感染科
河北省石家庄市
050051
2白求恩军医学院仪器中心
河北省石家庄市
050081
白玉,女,1973-06-28生,河北省保定市人,汉族.
1997年河北医科大学临床医学系毕业,学士,2000年河北医科大学硕士研究生毕业,主要从事肝炎发病机制的研究,发表论文2篇.
项目负责人
曹治宸,
050051, 河北医科大学第三医院感染科.
1Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Hospital of Hebei
Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
2Center of Instrument, Bethune Military Medical Collage, Shijiazhuang
050081, Hebei Province, China
Correspondence to Prof.
Zhi-Chen Cao, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei
Province, China
Tel. 0086-311-7027951 Ext.2308, 3108
Received 2000-07-12
Accepted 2000-07-14
Protective effect of phlebotomy in experimental liver damage
Yu Bai1, Zhi-Chen Cao1, Jia-Ju
Zhuang2, Ling-Yan Gou2, Jing-Dong Liu2 and
Yan-Gai Song1
Abstract
AIM To
investigate the protective function of phlebotomy in liver damage aggravated by iron overload.
METHODS Fifty-six
male Wistar rats were divided into six groups randomly: blank group, iron overload (IO)
group, phlebotomy (P) group, CCl4 group, CCl4+IO
group and CCl4+P group. The models were made with iron dextran (ID), CCl4 and phlebotomy,
respectively. The following parameters were examined:
serum iron (SI), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase
(AST) in serum, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hepatic iron concentration (HIC) in
liver. The distribution of iron and pathological changes in liver were also
observed.
RESULTS HIC
decreased more significantly in P group than blank group and in CCl4+P group than CCl4+IO
group(q1=17.79,
P<0.01; q2=17.56,P<0.01).
ALT and MDA were significantly lower
in CCl4+P group than in CCl4+IO
group (q1=3.96,P<0.05;q2=6.70,P<0.01).
Pathological study revealed that blue iron particles deposited with three forms: hepatic sinus,
hepatocytes or vessel zones. The more the iron particles deposited, the more
serious the necrosis zone was.
CONCLUSION Phlebotomy
may alleviate iron overload to protect hepatocytes from damage.
Subject headings
liver/injuries; bloodletting; alanine
aminotransferase; aspartate aminotransferase; malondialdehyde; hepatic iron
concentration; iron; deferoxamine
Bai Y, Cao ZC, Zhuang JJ, Gou LY, Liu JD, Song YG.
Protective effect of phlebotomy in experimental liver damage. Shijie
Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi, 2001;9(2):149-152
摘要
目的
探讨去铁疗法在实验性肝损伤中的保护作用机制.
方法
Wistar大鼠56只,随机分为6组:空白组、高铁组、低铁组、CCl4组、CCl4+高铁组和CCl4+低铁组.
复制高铁模型、低铁模型和CCl4攻击肝损伤模型. 观察各组血清铁(SI)、ALT\, AST、丙二醛(MDA)、肝组织铁含量(HIC)以及病理变化.
结果
低铁组与空白组、CCl4+低铁组与CCl4+高铁组比较,HIC明显降低(q1=17.79, P<0.01;
q2=17.56,P<0.01).
CCl4+低铁组与CCl4+高铁组比较,ALT,
MDA显著性降低(q1=3.96,P<0.05;q2=6.70,P<0.01).
铁在肝脏中的分布有三种类型:窦周型、血管周围型、肝细胞型. 无肝损伤或轻微肝损伤时,以窦周型为主. 肝损伤严重时,以血管周围型为主,并且病变周围,铁沉积增多.
结论
放血疗法可以减轻高铁负荷加重的实验性大鼠肝损伤.
主题词
肝/损伤;放血;丙氨酸转氨酶;天冬氨酸转氨酶;丙二醛;肝组织铁含量;铁;去铁胺
白玉, 曹治宸, 庄甲举, 勾凌燕, 刘景冬, 宋艳改. 去铁疗法在实验性肝损伤中的保护作用. 世界华人消化杂志,2001;9(2):149-152
0 引言
近年来,国内外学者逐渐认识到铁负荷过重与肝损伤的关系[1-3],认为这与铁诱导脂质过氧化损伤有关[1-3]. 我们从动物实验入手,探讨铁负荷过重加重四氯化碳(CCl4)肝损伤的致病机制,观察去铁疗法是否会减轻高铁负荷加重的肝损伤,为临床治疗提供有意义的线索.
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料
雄性Wistar大鼠,56只,质量为180g~220g,由北京医科大学实验动物中心繁殖(证书号:医动字第01-3056号). 四氯化碳(CCl4),分析纯,石家庄市有机化工厂生产;右旋糖酐铁注射液(ID)(50mg/支),上海第一制药厂生产. 血清铁(SI)检测试剂盒购自北京九强公司; ALT, AST检测试剂均购自北京中生生物工程公司.
丙二醛(MDA)检测试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程所. 番红花红,分析纯,进口分装,天津天聚精细化学品有限公司出品;亚铁氰化钾,分析纯,北京红星化工厂生产.
1.2 方法
大鼠随机分为6组:空白组、高铁组、低铁组,每组8只,CCl4组、CCl4+高铁组、CCl4+低铁组,每组10只.
1wk~5wk,各组均饲以普通颗粒饲料,饮用自来水. 其中高铁组和CCl4+高铁组腹腔注射(ip)右旋糖酐铁(ID),50mg·kg-1, 2次·wk-1,共5wk[4];低铁组和CCl4+低铁组于实验4wk~5wk,眼静脉窦放血隔日1次,每次1.0mL,共7次[5]. wk5,剖杀空白组、高铁组、低铁组大鼠,留血清和肝组织检测各指标. 6wk~10wk,模型制作参照胡义扬et al[6]的方法,复制CCl4肝损伤模型. wk10,剖杀剩余大鼠,处理同前. 取血清检测ALT,AST. ALT和AST采用连续监测法;
SI采用比色法,按说明书由专人完成.
1.2.1 肝匀浆MDA,肝组织铁含量(HIC)检测切取0.5g~1.0g左前叶肝组织,冰浴中制成100g·L-1肝匀浆,低温离心,取上清液,采用硫代巴比妥酸法检测MDA. 切割2g左右肝后叶组织,用去离子水冲洗干净,滤纸吸干,称质量后,用高氯酸与硝酸(1∶4)的混合液消化至无色[7],在原子吸收/火焰发射分光光度计上测定铁.
1.2.2 肝组织Perls蓝组化染色
切取右前叶肝组织0.5g左右,生理盐水冲洗后,立即投入中性甲醛溶液固定. 将固定好的肝组织常规制成蜡块. 以5μm厚度切片,铁染色采用传统的Perls反应[8],番红花红衬染,酒精分化,二甲苯透明,光学树脂胶封片. 铁颗粒被染为蓝色,细胞质及细胞核分别被染为粉红色和红色,光镜下易区别.
上述各实验均严格操作,避免外源性铁离子的污染.
统计学处理
各组数据以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间方差分析,组内q检验.
2 结果
2.1 各组SI、HIC的变化
高铁组与空白组比较,SI, HIC均显著增高(qSI=15.81,P<0.01;
qHIC=17.48, P<0.01,表1),说明高铁负荷模型复制成功.
低铁组与高铁组、CCl4+低铁组与CCl4+高铁组比较,HIC明显降低(q1=17.79,
P<0.01;q2=17.56,P<0.01).
各组在CCl4攻击前后比较,SI均有显著改变(t空=3.73, t低=4.05,
t高=6.90,P<0.01),这种改变除与CCl4攻击有关外,还与大鼠的自身调节有关.
高铁组和低铁组在CCl4攻击之后HIC亦有显著改变(t低=3.51,
t高=3.30,P<0.01).
2.2 各组ALT,
AST, MDA的变化 高铁组和低铁组与空白组比较,ALT,AST无显著性差异(FAST=0.89,
FALT=0.66, P>0.05,表2),高铁组与空白组和低铁组比较,MDA则有显著增高(q1=13.48, q2=15.76,
P<0.01).
CCl4攻击前后比较,各组ALT, AST, MDA均有显著增高(ALT:
t空=5.16,
P<0.01,t低=5.80, P<0.01,t高=4.18,P<0.01;
AST: t空=6.37,P<0.01, t低=6.10,P<0.01, t高=3.84,P<0.01; MDA: t空=5.42,P<0.01,
t低=9.96,P<0.01, t高=2.16,P<0.05). CCl4+低铁组与CCl4+高铁组比较,ALT,MDA有显著性降低(q1=3.96,P<0.05;q2=6.70,P<0.01).
表1 CCl4肝损害各组SI,
HIC的比较(x±s)
| 分组 | n | SI(μmol·L-1) | HIC(μg·g-1) |
| 空白组 | 8 | 28.0±5.0 | 53.9±10.0 |
| 高铁组 | 8 | 112.0±8.6b | 1946.7±367.8b |
| 低铁组 | 8 | 27.6± 7.8d | 28.7±8.2d |
| CCl4组 | 10 | 43.0± 8.6h | 59.7±21.8 |
| CCl4+高铁组 | 10 | 56.0±21.3h | 1292.5±314.0fh |
| CCl4+低铁组 | 10 | 43.5±9.6h | 50.1±15.2hj |
bP<0.01vs 空白组;
dP<0.01vs 高铁组;fP<0.01 vs CCl4组;hP<0.01
vs CCl4攻击前各对应组; jP<0.01 vs CCl4+高铁组.
表2 CCl4肝损害各组ALT,AST,MDA的比较(x±s)
| 分组 | n | ALT(kat·L-1) | AST(kat·L-1) | MDA(nmol·L-1) |
| 空白组 | 8 | 45±13 | 112±41 | 233±61 |
| 高铁组 | 8 | 45±11 | 123±27 | 872±173b |
| 低铁组 | 8 | 50±10 | 114±31 | 215±79d |
| CCl4组 | 10 | 843±540h | 500±283h | 582±100h |
| CCl4+高铁组 | 10 | 870±452h | 560±194h | 1070±201fg |
| CCl4+低铁组 | 10 | 499±219ih | 412±132h | 423±78hj |
bP<0.01 vs 空白组;
dP<0.01 vs
高铁组;f P<0.01 vs CCl4组;g
P<0.05,
hP<0.01, vs CCl4攻击前各对应组;
iP<0.05, jP<0.01,vs
CCl4+高铁组.
2.3 各组肝组织形态学改变
空白组肝组织结构正常. 以中央静脉为中心肝细胞板呈放射状排列,细胞板间为肝血窦,肝细胞为多边形,边界不清,核圆形,位于中央,偶见双核. 肝血窦及汇管区未见蓝色颗粒(图1). 低铁组与空白组差别不大,肝血窦及汇管区亦无蓝色颗粒(图2).
高铁组肝小叶形态结构无异常改变. 蓝色铁颗粒均匀散在分布于肝血窦内,肝细胞质中很少. 似乎是血窦内皮细胞和Kupffer细胞吞噬铁颗粒所致.
汇管区周围与其他区域比较无明显区别(图3). CCl4组可见大量肝细胞空泡变性,越近中央静脉病变越重(图4),汇管区病变较轻(图5). 还可见到“毛玻璃”样肝细胞及核固缩现象. 碎屑坏死及桥接坏死少见.
各个区域未见蓝色铁颗粒. CCl4+低铁组肝小叶结构基本正常,仅见轻微的肝细胞空泡变性,中央静脉附近可见到细胞凝固性坏死. 汇管区附近有少量蓝色铁颗粒沉着(图6).
CCl4+高铁组较CCl4组肝细胞空泡变性、坏死更显著,桥接坏死常见.
粗大的蓝色铁颗粒沉积在病变严重的部位,主要是吞噬了铁和坏死肝细胞的单核吞噬细胞集中于此所致(图7). 肝细胞浆内也有细小的蓝色铁颗粒,有的均匀分布,有的沿毛细胆管侧分布形成“管道样”结构(图8). 肝血窦内铁颗粒少见. 由上可见,铁在肝脏中的分布有3种类型: ①窦周型,铁颗粒沿肝血窦边缘分布;②血管周围型,铁颗粒较粗大,主要集中在中央静脉和汇管区周围,似吞噬铁的Kupffer细胞集中于此;③肝细胞型,细小的铁颗粒集中在肝细胞浆中,有的均匀散在分布,有的沿毛细胆管侧分布,形成管道样网状结构. 这3种类型可以单独存在,也可以共存或以某种类型为主. 无肝损伤或轻微肝损伤时,以窦周型为主. 肝损伤严重时,以血管周围型为主,并且哪里病变越重,哪里铁沉积越多.
而且肝细胞内铁沉积越多,肝组织病变越严重.
3 讨论
我们观察到,应用铁剂组中,脂质过氧化作用(LPO)的代谢产物MDA增加,可见铁在催化脂质过氧化反应中起重要作用[9,10].
有研究[9]认为运输到肝细胞的铁被释放后,即与细胞内的化学物质ATP, GTP和柠檬酸等结合,这些与铁结合的络合物能催化Haber-Weiss反应[11]所生成的·OH有较大的毒性作用,而铁在催化脂质过氧化的链式反应中所产生的醛ROO·和RO·对机体也有毒性作用. 生物膜是脂质过氧化损伤的主要部位,细胞膜结构损伤后,不但膜酶受损,而且使细胞膜失去其分隔功能,使膜结构的流动性下降和膜的通透性增加[12]. 因此,CCl4+高铁组肝细胞空泡变性、坏死严重,肝细胞内的酶ALT,AST也就释放增多. 同样,脂质过氧化作用可使线粒体、微粒体和溶酶体膜受损而使多种酶释放,引起肝细胞的结构和功能障碍[2,13],铁还能影响肝脏巨噬细胞分泌细胞因子,如:IL-6,TNF-α,在肝损伤中发挥作用[14].
铁是合成血红蛋白的主要元素,机体发生贫血之后,必然首先动员贮存铁,加速血红蛋白合成,因此放血可以减少机体铁含量. Sreeramulu et
al[15]认为放血不能减少肝组织的铁含量,但我们发现不但SI减少,并且与空白组比较,肝组织内铁也减少.
这可能与动物物种和放血量多少有关. 放血可以用于人类血色病的治疗,阻止或延缓肝硬变的发生[16]. 可用于慢性丙型肝炎治疗,减少ALT释放,提高对干扰素的应答率[17-21],但其机制还不十分清楚. 本实验研究表明,放血造成的低铁,可以降低LPO代谢产物MDA的生成,从而保护肝细胞免受脂质过氧化损害,稳定细胞膜结构,减轻肝细胞的坏死和ALT的释放.
图1 空白组.
×300
图2 低铁组:各区域未见蓝色铁颗粒沉积.
×200
图3 高铁组:肝血窦内有蓝色铁颗粒沉积.
×300
图4 CCl4组:中央静脉区肝细胞空泡变性坏死严重.
×200
图5 CCl4组:汇管区空泡肝细胞变性坏死轻微.
×200
图6 CCl4+低铁组:中央静脉区肝细胞空泡变性坏死轻微.
×200
图7 CCl4+高铁组:肝细胞空泡变性坏死严重,桥状坏死常见.
×200
图8 CCl4+高铁组:蓝色铁颗粒沉积于肝细胞内,形成“管道样”结构.
×600
因此,临床上对于高铁负荷的肝炎患者,我们也可以采用适量放血的方法,减轻这些患者的肝损伤[22-24]. 有人提出,Hb在140g·L-1以上,对干扰素应答较差的丙肝患者,采用放血疗法,使Hb降低30g·L-1,对HCV-RNA的阴转和ALT的复常都有明显的促进作用[25]. 还有人[26,27]研究发现铁颗粒的分布在正常肝发展到肝硬变直至发展到肝癌,表现为由均一一致到局部聚集,提示铁与肝细胞的增生活跃程度有一定关系. 但如何掌握放血疗法的指征,寻找一个合适的铁负荷动态观察指标,还需临床上进一步摸索. 除放血之外,对铁负荷过重者还可以应用去铁制剂[28-30](如去铁胺),低铁饮食[31],减少体内毒性物质对红细胞的破坏,控制脾功能亢进(考虑脾切除),以及减少外源性红细胞输入(输血),也可减少铁的增加,对高铁负荷的肝炎患者病情恢复也会有促进作用,但还需临床观察和研究.
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