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⊙病毒性肝炎 VIRAL LIVER DISEASES⊙
HBV转基因小鼠免疫耐受机制的实验研究
熊一力,刘光泽,贾彦征
熊一力,刘光泽,贾彦征,中国人民解放军第458医院全军传染病中心 广州市 510602
熊一力,女,1954-04-18生,四川省通江县人,汉族,1997年博士后第二站出站,主任医师,主要从事慢性乙型肝炎治疗及转基因动物模型制备研究.
项目负责人 熊一力, 510602,广州市东风东路801号,中国人民解放军第458医院全军传染病中心. xyili@163.net
电话: 020-87373156
收稿日期 2002-01-11 接受日期 2002-03-05
Mechanism of immune tolerance with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice
Yi-Li Xiong, Guang-Ze Liu, Yan-Zheng Jia
Yi-Li Xiong, Guang-Ze Liu, Yan-Zheng Jia,PLA Infection Disease Center, Guangzhou 510602,Guangdong Province, China
Correspondence to: Yi-Li Xiong, PLA Infection Disease Center, 801 Dongfeng East Road, Gangzhou 510602, China. Xyili@163.net
Received 2002-01-11 Accepted 2002-03-05
Abstract
AIM:To investigate the antigen-presenting function of dendritic cell (DC), the immune states of T lymphocytes (TC) and hepatocytes (HC) in hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice (HBV-Tg) as an animal model of chronic HBV infection, and to probe into the mechanism of immune tolerance.
METHODS:Expression levels of spleen DC, TC and HC surface molecules, the proliferation response to HBsAg stimulation and the amounts of cytokines on TC in HBV-Tg were measured by flow cytometry,3H-thymidine incorporation, enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay and immunohistochemistry, respectively.
RESULTS:Expression rates of MHC-Ⅱ, CD80 on DC surface and MHC-I on HC in HBV-Tg were markedly decreased, compared to that in control. The ability of DC to induce TC proliferation was significantly lower and level of mIFN-γ,mIL-2,mIL-6,mIL-10 in the supernatant of TC also decreased in HBV-Tg compared to that in control.
CONCLUSION:In HBV-Tg, the antigen-presenting function of DC to HBV is lower and immune activity of TC is inhibited with a weak immunological response of HC, in which a key issue is the impaired capacity of DC.
Xiong YL,Liu GZ,Jia YZ.Mechanism of immune tolerance with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice.Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2002;10(6):642-645
摘要
目的:观察乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)转基因小鼠(Tg鼠)树突状细胞(DC)抗原递呈功能,T淋巴细胞(TC)免疫活化状态和肝细胞(HC)的应答能力,探讨慢性HBV感染免疫耐受形成的机制.
方法:用流式细胞术,氚—胸腺嘧啶核苷(3H-TdR)掺入法,ELISA和免疫组织化学方法,分别测Tg鼠脾DC,TC和HC表面分子,HBsAg刺激淋巴细胞增生反应以及TC产生的细胞因子含量.
结果:Tg鼠DC表面MHC-Ⅱ类分子和CD80表达低下,DC诱导脾淋巴细胞对HBsAg刺激的增生反应减弱,TC分泌的mIFN-γ,mIL-2,mIL-6,mIL-10均显著减少,HC膜MHC-I类分子表达量也降低.
结论:Tg鼠DC的HBV抗原递呈功能低下,TC免疫活化受到抑制,HC的应答能力减弱,其中DC功能低下起关键作用.
熊一力,刘光泽,贾彦征.HBV转基因小鼠免疫耐受机制的实验研究.世界华人消化杂志 2002;10(6): 642-645
0 引言
乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染慢性化的机制之一是宿主对HBV产生不同程度的免疫耐受.HBV转基因小鼠(Tg鼠)与之类似,对HBV抗原也不产生体液和细胞免疫应答,处于免疫耐受状态,因而是研究人慢性HBV感染免疫耐受形成机制最理想的动物模型[1-5].对HBV的免疫耐受形成涉及哪些因素?打破免疫耐受应针对哪一环节?至今还不够明确.我们对Tg鼠树突状细胞(DC)抗原提呈功能,T淋巴细胞(TC)免疫活化状态和肝细胞(HC)应答能力的研究,来探讨慢性HBV感染免疫耐受的机制,以寻求打破免疫耐受和防治慢性HBV感染的途径.
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料 Tg鼠由本室通过原核显微注射1.3 copy HBV全基因制备[6].非转基因小鼠(非Tg鼠)为对照组.所有小鼠均系6~8周龄BALB/C鼠,体质量16~18g.Ia-FITC,CD80-FITC(英国Serotec公司产品);CD8-FITC,CD28-PE,MHC-Ⅰ类mAb H-2Dd(美国Southen Biotechnolagy公司产品);HBsAg(康泰生物制品公司产品);mIFN-γ,mIL-2,mIL-6,mIL-10检测试剂盒(购自晶美生物工程有限公司);[3H]-TdR(购自北京原子能研究所);液体闪烁计数仪(Beckman LS);流式细胞仪(Becton Dickinson).
1.2 方法 取Tg鼠和非Tg鼠各12只.按改良Sterinman法[7]分离脾脏DC和淋巴细胞,采用间接免疫荧光法,分别加FITC或PE标记的Ia,CD80,CD8和CD28后,通过流式细胞仪分析Tg鼠和非Tg鼠DC表面Ia,CD80和TC表面CD8;CD28占总细胞百分率.取HBsAg免疫的Tg鼠和非Tg鼠各12只的脾淋巴细胞悬液5×105/ml,同时加10ug/mlHBsAg后,分别以200ul/孔接种于96孔培养板,37℃,50ml/L CO2,培养72h.收样前6h加入3H-TdR18.5×108 Bq/L.收样后用液闪仪测3H-TdR掺入量,得出HBsAg刺激后两组鼠淋巴细胞增生的结果.另取Tg鼠和非Tg鼠各12只,分离脾DC和淋巴细胞.先将新分离的DC细胞悬液与10ug/ml HBsAg,37℃共育1h后洗涤,以103/孔加入96孔培养板与5×105/孔的淋巴细胞共同培养.培养的条件、时间及3H-TdR掺入量检测均同上.最后得出两组鼠DC诱导HBsAg刺激两组鼠淋巴细胞增生不同组合的4组淋巴细胞增生结果.收集HBsAg刺激淋巴细胞增生试验中,经HBsAg刺激后48h淋巴细胞的培养上清,按mIFN-γ,mIL-2,mIL-6,mIL-10检测试剂盒说明书,用ELISA方法检测.取Tg蠛头荰g鼠各8只,取肝组织冰冻切片,用MHC-I类分子单抗H-2Dd标记显色后,用免疫组织化学法检测.
2 结果
2.1 Tg鼠DC的抗原提呈功能 Tg鼠DC表面Ia(相当于人的MHC-Ⅱ类分子)和CD80占总细胞数的百分率显著低于非Tg鼠(表1).现已知DC加工的抗原片段与MHC-Ⅱ类分子结合后,才能实现抗原提呈,DC表面分化抗原CD80是抗原递呈过程的协同刺激因子,如果DC的MHC-Ⅱ和CD80表达量低下,势必影响DC的抗原提呈功能[8,9] .Tg鼠的DC明显不能有效地刺激Tg鼠和非Tg鼠淋巴细胞对HBsAg的免疫应答,出现淋巴细胞增生的显著降低.而用非Tg鼠的DC可明显提高Tg淋巴细胞对HBsAg的应答(表2).表明,Tg鼠的DC对HBV抗原的提呈功能低下.
2.2 Tg鼠TC的免疫活化状态 Tg鼠TC CD8和CD28表达量与非Tg鼠之间差异无显著意义.TC上的CD8是MHC-Ⅰ类分子的受体.CD28是接受DC上协同刺激因子的受体,如TC上的CD8;CD28表达均无显著变化(表3).表明,Tg鼠TC免疫状态与非Tg鼠无明显差别.从HBsAg刺激淋巴细胞增生的结果看,Tg鼠淋巴细胞的增生能力显著弱于非Tg鼠(表3),这些淋巴细胞所分泌的四种细胞因子含量也都显著低于非Tg鼠(表4).表明,Tg鼠的TC免疫活化受到特异性抑制,且Th1(活化时产生IFN-γ、IL-2等细胞因子)和Th2(活化时产生IL-6、IL-10等细胞因子)都被抑制,也即针对HBV的特异性细胞免疫、体液免疫均受抑制[10-13].
表1 Tg鼠DC Ia、CD80占总细胞数的百分率(x±s)
| 分组 | Ia(%) | CD80(%) |
| Tg鼠 | 9.59±1.54b | 5.88±1.72b |
| 非Tg鼠 | 18.32±2.18 | 14.39±2.97 |
bP<0.01 vs 非Tg鼠组
表2 DC诱导HBsAg刺激淋巴细胞增生的比较(x±s)
| 分组 | 3H-TdR掺入量(cpm) | |
| A组 | TgDC + 非TgTC | 5938.59±395.16a |
| B组 | TgDC + TgTc | 5035.27±299.78b |
| C组 | 非TgDC + TgTc | 10872.16±345.94c |
| D组 | 非TgDC + 非TgTc | 17905.48±1875.07 |
aP<0.05,bP<0.01 vs D组比较 cP<0.05, vs B组比较
注:A组:Tg的DC对正常鼠淋巴细胞增生试验组即TgDC + 非TgTC
B组:Tg的DC对转基因鼠淋巴细胞增生试验组即TgDC + TgTc
C组:正常鼠的DC对转基因鼠淋巴细胞增生试验组即非TgDC + TgTc
D组:正常鼠的DC对正常鼠淋巴细胞增生试验组即非TgDC + 非TgTc
表3 Tg鼠与正常鼠CD8+、CD28+的TC及TC增生试验比较(x±s)
| 组别 | CD8(%) | CD28(%) | 3H-TdR掺入量(cpm) |
| Tg鼠 | 6.07±0.87 | 1.75±0.73 | 691.55±67.34b |
| 非Tg鼠 | 6.45±1.08 | 1.83±0.95 | 1315.47±191.57 |
bP<0.01 vs 非Tg鼠组
表4 淋巴细胞培养液中四种细胞因子含量的变化(x±s,ng/L)
| 组别 | n | mIFN-γ | mIL-2 | mIL-6 | mIL-10 |
| Tg鼠 | 12 | 4.79±1.78b | 198.74±29.18b | 1.75±0.88b | 4.87±2.56a |
| 非Tg鼠 | 12 | 143.54±11.23 | 1147.59±62.28 | 82.15±10.17 | 12.76±4.34 |
bP<0.01,aP<0.05 vs 非Tg鼠组
图1 非Tg鼠肝细胞MHC-Ⅰ类分子表达
图2 Tg鼠肝细胞MHC-Ⅰ类分子表达
2.3 Tg鼠肝靶细胞的应答能力 用MIAS-300计算机图像分析系统(阳性区域面积)进行分析,表明 Tg鼠肝细胞膜MHC-Ⅰ类分子的表达量明显低于非Tg鼠(图1,2),说明Tg鼠肝细胞膜上的MHC-Ⅰ类分子将细胞内的HBV提呈给活化TC的能力较弱.
3 讨论
慢性HBV感染主要由宿主的免疫耐受造成,目前大多数人认可的免疫耐受形成途径大致是:人体感染HBV后,首先由抗原提呈细胞(DC等)摄取加工,溶解的病毒抗原肽与DC的MHC-Ⅱ类分子结合成复合物后,作用于TC受体,把抗原提呈给TC;TC在接受抗原信号和协同刺激信号(如CD80-CD28等)后活化、增生;激活的TC识别和攻击蠬BV特异抗原和MHC-Ⅰ类分子表达的肝靶细胞来清除病毒.上述三个环节中一处障碍就可对HBV形成不完全或完全免疫耐受[14-17].根据这一学说,我们从三个环节中的关键点—DC抗原提呈功能、TC的免疫活化状态及肝靶细胞的应答能力三方面的研究来进一步弄清和明确对HBV形成免疫耐受的机制.本结果中Tg鼠DC的MHC-II和CD80表达较低及Tg鼠的DC抑制了淋巴细胞对HBsAg刺激的应答,使淋巴细胞增生率降低,表明Tg鼠DC的抗原提呈功能低下,处于免疫抑制状态.所测得的Tg鼠TC 上CD8、CD28表达无变化,说明TC本身无明显的异常.但HBsAg刺激后Tg鼠淋巴细胞增生比对照鼠明显降低,产生细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10也显著减少,说明TC针对HBV的免疫活化状态欠佳,且Th1和Th2都受到影响,即针对HBV的特异性细胞免疫和体液免疫都受到抑制.此外从Tg鼠肝细胞膜MHC-Ⅰ类分子表达量明显低下看,TC的靶细胞—肝细胞的应答能力也有下降,从而会使CTL识别和杀伤受感染肝细胞,清除HBV的能力下降[18-27].这一系列结果表明,有免疫耐受的Tg鼠确有DC对HBV抗原的提呈功能低下,也有TC对HBV刺激后免疫活化状态不佳和肝靶细胞应答能力较差.但三者中何者为主呢?从DC诱导HBsAg刺激淋巴细胞增生的结果分析,TC在Tg鼠DC作用下免疫功能受到明显的抑制,而用非Tg鼠DC诱导Tg鼠TC增生比Tg鼠DC诱导有显著提高.这说明Tg鼠TC对HBV的免疫活化状态有降低,但有可能通过提高DC的功能来纠正或部分纠正.从中也显示出DC的抗原提呈功能低下,可能在免疫耐受中起关键作用.
近来对DC功能的研究日益深化,有人用Tg鼠DC与HBsAg免疫的Tg鼠TC共同培养,没有抗HBs产生,将Tg鼠的DC换成非Tg鼠DC,就有抗HBs产生,换成用细胞因子激活的DC也可产生抗HBs,将这种激活的DC输入至Tg鼠,还可产生细胞免疫应答.这些结果也支持DC的功能低下在免疫耐受形成中有举足轻重的作用,也反证了我们的实验结果,同时还表明DC功能促进因子(细胞因子等)可协助打破免疫耐受[28-30].本结果对探索慢性HBV感染的治疗提供了新思路.提示打破免疫耐受应从以下三方面切入:(1)应想办法增强DC的功能;(2)应设法活化TC;(3)应争取上调肝细胞MHC-Ⅰ分子的表达.其中最关键的是要加大提高DC抗原提呈功能的力度.此外,本实验还再次证明用HBV转基因小鼠研究慢性HBV感染及其防治很有意义,颇具实用价值.
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