P.O.Box 2345, Beijing 100023,China 世界华人消化杂志  2002年5月15;10(5):575-578
Email: wcjd@public.bta.net.cn 世界华人消化杂志  ISSN 1009-3079  CN  14-1260/R
http:// www.wjgnet.com 版权归世界胃肠病学杂志社

基础研究 BASIC RESEARCH

溃疡性结肠炎组织中NF-κBCOX-2iNOS表达的意义

  可,邓长生,朱尤庆,杨院平,张燕敏


张可,邓长生,朱尤庆,杨院平,张燕敏,武汉大学中南医院消化内科  湖北省武汉市 430071
张可,女,1977-03-14生,湖北省黄陂人,汉族.武汉大学中南医院消化内科硕士研究生.
项目负责人  张可,430071,武汉大学中南医院消化内科,湖北省武汉市.  carrie_jones@263.net
电话: 027-87330314
收稿日期  2002-01-11  接受日期  2002-03-18


Significance of nuclear factor-
κB, cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human ulcerative colitis tissues

Ke Zhang, Chang-Sheng Deng, You-Qing Zhu, Yuan-Ping Yang, Yan-Min Zhang

Ke Zhang,Chang-Sheng Deng,You-Qing Zhu,Yuan-Ping Yang, Yan-Min Zhang,Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
Correspondence to:Ke Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China.  carrie_jones@263.net
Received  2002-01-11  Accepted  2002-03-18

Abstract
AIM:
The induction of transcription factor NF-
κB modulates the expression of multiple genes in immunal and inflammatory reations Ulcerative colitis (UC) exists abnormal activation of epithelial cells, lymphocytes and macrophages and uncontrolled cytokine production. The authors examined the expression and distribution of NF-κB, p65, COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), of the latter two having NF-κB binding sites in their promoters, to investigate the significance of them in the pathogenesis of UC and the relationship between them.

METHODS:The expression of NF-
κBp65, COX-2 and iNOS was examined in 69 cases of paraffin-embedded tissues by immunohistochemical methods. Of the 69 cases, 39 were from endoscopic biopsies of active UC and 30 were normal controls.

RESULTS:P65,COX-2 and iNOS were expressed in all the UC tissues, mainly in epithelial cells, and also inflammatory cells in lamina propria and vascular endothelial cells in variant degrees. They all were expressed negatively or weakly in controls. Their expression was significantly higher in UC tissues than that in controls (P <0.01). The expression of p65 was related to endoscopic and pathologic classification. It was significantly higher in endoscopic class II than that in class I (5.8
±2.6 vs 3.6±1.9, P <0.05) and was significantly higher in pathologic class II and III than that in class I (6.1±2.4, 7.3±2.5 vs 4.0±2.3; P <0.05, P <0.01, respectively). The expression of iNOS was related to pathologic classification. It was significantly higher in pathologic class III than that in class I and II (7.8±2.5 vs 4.6±2.3, 5.0±1.6; P <0.01, P <0.05, respectively). The expression of COX-2 did not relate to endoscopic or pathologic classification, or disease severity. The expression of p65 significantly correlated with that of COX-2 and iNOS (rs1=0.713,rs1=0.706, respectively; P <0.01). The expression of COX-2 was significantly correlated with that of iNOS (rs1=0.854, P <0.01).

CONCLUSION:The induction of NF-
κBp65 participates in the occurrance and development of UC. COX-2 and iNOS involves in the process of inflammation and damage, and perhaps iNOS plays a more pivotal role. Regulating mechanisms of COX-2 and iNOS expression may be resemble and both have a direct relationship with the induction of NF-κB.

Zhang K, Deng CS,Zhu YQ, Yang YP, Zhang YM. Significance of nuclear factor-
κB, cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human ulcerative colitis tissues.Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2002;10(5):575-578


摘要
目的:
转录因子NF-κB的诱导,调控着免疫和炎症反应中众多基因的表达. 溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)存在上皮细胞、淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞的异常激活及细胞因子的表达失调. 我们检测了UC组织中NF-κBp65,及两种启动子含NF-κB结合位点的蛋白COX-2iNOS的表达和分布,探讨他们在UC发病机制中的作用,及三者之间的关系.

方法:用免疫组化SP法检测39例活动期溃疡性结肠炎内镜活检标本及30例正常对照石蜡包埋组织中NF-κBp65COX-2iNOS的表达情况.

结果:UCp65COX-2iNOS均为阳性表达,主要分布于上皮细胞. 固有层炎性细胞及血管内皮细胞也有程度不同的表达.对照组均为阴性或弱阳性表达.三者在UC组的表达与对照组相比,差异均有非常显著性(P <0.01. p65的表达与内镜及病理分级有关.内镜II级与I级比较(5.8±2.6 vs 3.6±1.9),差异显著(P <0.05.病理IIIII级与I级比较(6.1±2.4, 7.3±2.5 vs 4.0±2.3),差异显著(P <0.05 P <0.01. iNOS的表达与病理分级有关,III级与III级比较(7.8±2.5 vs 4.6±2.3, 5.0±1.6),差异显著(P <0.01, P <0.05.COX-2的表达在病情轻重,内镜及病理分级间差异无显著性(P >0.05. p65COX-2iNOS表达显著相关(rs1 分别为0.713, 0.706; P <0.01),COX-2iNOS表达显著相关(rs1=0.854, P <0.01.

结论:NF-κB的诱导参与UC的发生、发展. COX-2iNOS也参与UC的炎症及损伤过程,可能iNOS发挥的作用更显著.COX-2iNOS表达的调控机制可能相似,且与NF-κBp65的诱导有直接关系.

张可,邓长生,朱尤庆,杨院平,张燕敏. 溃疡性结肠炎组织中NF-κBCOX-2iNOS表达的意义. 世界华人消化杂志 2002;10(5): 575-578


0 
引言
NF-κBnuclear factor-κB)的表达和激活状态的改变,导致炎症反应的持续化,可能在人类溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)的发生、发展中起重要作用1.NF-κB家族成员中,p65亚单位是主要的促炎亚单位2.UC炎症肠组织中绝大多数二聚体含有一个p65亚单位. COX-2iNOS是启动子含NF-κB结合位点的两种诱生型酶34,在大多数正常组织中不表达,而在炎症时高度表达,分别催化PGsNO的大量合成,在UC的病理过程中发挥着广泛而复杂的作用. 我们检测了活动期UC组织中NF-κBp65COX-2iNOS蛋白的表达,探讨他们在UC发病机制中的作用及三者之间的关系.

1 
材料和方法
1.1  
材料
  1998-06/2000-08武汉大学中南医院病理科UC内镜取材石蜡包埋标本39.均符合1993年太原全国慢性非感染性肠道疾病学术研讨会制定的溃疡性结肠炎诊断标准5.28例,女11例,年龄865(平均38)岁.均为活动期,按Truelove-Witts标准进行病情轻重分级5:轻度21例,中度11例,重度7例;按Truelove标准进行内镜分级5I16例,II20例,III3例;按Truelove-Richards标准进行病理学分级5I25例,II8例,III6例;按病变累及部位分:直肠炎21例,直乙结肠炎15例,左半结肠炎3. 30例正常对照取自同期结肠癌切除肠段断端的石蜡包埋标本,距瘤缘约20cm,均经病理学确认为正常组织. 鼠抗人NF-κBp65单克隆抗体,兔抗人COX-2多克隆抗体和兔抗人iNOS多克隆抗体由美国Santa Cruz公司提供. SP及兔SP试剂盒购自美国Zymed公司.DAB显色剂和EDTA抗原修复液(1mmol/L pH8.0)购自北京中山生物技术公司.
1.2 
方法  免疫组化检测步骤如下:组织切片脱蜡至水,30ml/LH2O2浸泡,37 15minPBS冲洗;EDTA抗原修复液中,95 10min,自然冷却至室温,PBS冲洗;滴加非免疫性动物血清,37 15min;滴加单克隆抗体NF-κBp65和多克隆抗体COX-2, iNOS,工作浓度依次为1250140015004℃过夜;37℃复温60minPBS冲洗;加生物素标记的二抗,37 12minPBS冲洗;加辣根酶标记的链霉卵白素,37 12minPBS冲洗;DAB显色,自来水冲洗,苏木素复染,封片. 用缓冲盐液替代一抗作阴性对照,用已知阳性切片作为阳性对照. 结果以胞质或胞核呈棕黄色为P 65阳性细胞,以胞质呈棕黄色为COX-2,iNOS阳性细胞.三者的表达强度和分布具有平行趋势,采用统一的染色积分评价标准6.染色强度分为4级:0=阴性染色,1=弱阳性染色,2=中度阳性染色,3=强阳性染色;每张切片按所见阳性细胞范围分为5级:0=阴性,1=阳性细胞占125%2=阳性细胞占2650%3=阳性细胞占5175%4=阳性细胞占76100%. 每张切片的染色积分以这二者乘积之和表示.
     
统计学处理  染色积分以±s表示.SPSS软件包对所得数据进行秩和检验、推广了的t检验.相关性分析用Spearman等级相关分析.

2 
结果
p65表达于表面上皮和隐窝上皮细胞,及多数巨噬细胞(图12),亦表达于血管内皮细胞,弥漫或颗粒性分布.在水肿区和临近溃疡区的表面上皮,隐窝脓肿的隐窝上皮及上皮增生处表达明显增强,多呈深棕黄色、粗颗粒性分布.COX-2iNOS在上皮细胞的表达和分布与p65大体相同(图34),但iNOS在增生上皮处的表达增强较不明显.COX-2亦表达于巨噬细胞. iNOS在中性粒细胞有大量的阳性表达(图5),巨噬细胞亦有表达.在正常组织这三者无或仅有弱阳性表达.他们在UC组与对照组表达的比较,差异有非常显著性(P <0.01,表1.NF-κBp65,COX-2iNOS的表达与病情活动性之间有一定关系(2). Spearman等级相关分析发现,p65COX-2iNOS表达显著相关(rs1分别为0.713, 0.706; P <0.01);COX-2iNOS表达显著相关(rs1=0.854, P <0.01.

1  UC组织中NF-κ Bp65,COX-2iNOS的表达(x±s

组别 n NF-κBp65 COX-2 iNOS
正常组 30 1.3±1.2 1.3±1.4 1.4±1.4
UC 39 5.0±2.6b 4.4±2.6b 5.2±2.5b

bP <0.01, vs正常组

2  NF-κB p65,COX-2iNOS的表达与病情活动性之间的关系  x±s

因素 n NF-κBp65  COX-2   iNOS
病情轻重        
21 4.5±2.8 3.5±2.1 4. 8±2.4
11 5.2±2.3 4.7±2.3 5.6±2.0
7 5.9±2.6 6.6±3.3 6.0±3.3
内镜分级        
I 16 3.6±1.9a 4.1±2.9 4.2±2.0
II 20 5.8±2.6 4.6±2.4 5.9±2.4
III 3 6.3±4.0 4.7±3.2 6.3±3.8
病理分级        
I 25 4.0±2.3ab 4.0±2.6 4.6±2.3b
II 8 6.1±2.4 4.4±2.1 5.0±1.6
III 6 7.3±2.5 5.8±3.1 7.8±2.5a

aP <0.05 vs II;bP <0.01, vs III

1  溃疡性结肠炎,NF-κBp65上皮细胞阳性着色 S-P 法×200
2  溃疡性结肠炎,NF-κBp65巨噬细胞阳性着色 S-P法×400
3  溃疡性结肠炎,COX-2上皮细胞阳性着色 S-P法×200
4  溃疡性结肠炎,iNOS上皮细胞阳性着色 S-P法×200
5  溃疡性结肠炎,iNOS炎性细胞阳性着色 S-P法×400

3 
讨论
UC存在上皮细胞、巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞的异常激活,细胞因子的表达失调7.这一过程与NF-κB的诱导及细胞因子、黏附分子、趋化因子等的转录激活有关1.静息状态下,NF-κB二聚体(最多见的是p65/p50二聚体)与抑制性蛋白IκBα结合于胞质,呈无活性状态.各种外源性刺激通过不同的信号传导使IκBα降解,NF-κB移位至核,结合于靶基因的NF-κB结合位点,启动基因转录8.p65的二聚体具有显著的促炎活性,p50仅在与p65,Rel-Bc-Rel三个亚单位之一形成二聚体时才有活性2. TNF-α,IL-lβ是触发和延续炎症反应的主要细胞因子之一9-11,可诱导UC中多种促炎因子基因的过量表达,包括COX-2iNOS1112.其作用的一个重要的下游靶标是NF-κB.他们均通过激活NIKNF-κB-inducing kinase),最终导致IκB的降解. TNF-α与其受体TNFR1结合后,在胞质中形成TRADDTNFR-associated death domain)、RIPreceptor interacting protein)及TRAF2TNFR-associated factor 2)复合物,由TRAF2激活NIK13.IL-lβ与其受体结合后,通过TRAF6激活NIK14.
     
我们运用检测与IκB解离的NFκBp65mAb显示,p65染色多位于胞质,少数染色位于胞核,与文献[2]报道对Hela细胞系的检测结果相同. 推测这种表达是p65的诱导形式. UC组织中,p65在胞质中的表达是炎症状态的反映,即胞质中IκBp65/p50解离,随之游离的二聚体移位至核.同时UC组织中存在p65mRNA的持续合成,也提供了胞质中游离p65的来源.新合成的p65移位至核,使NF-κB的激活得以持续.p65在正常组织无或低表达,而在活动期UC有不同程度高表达.在水肿区、临近溃疡区的表面上皮,隐窝脓肿的隐窝上皮及上皮增生处表达明显增强,且与内镜、病理分级有关.表明p65的诱导与UC的发生和发展关系密切1. Rogler et al 15EMSA法显示了UC上皮细胞及巨噬细胞核中与DNA结合的p65.上皮细胞NF-κB的诱导及激活,为这一细胞中MHC-II类抗原,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α,ICAM-1等靶基因的表达提供了统一的解释71623. P 65在巨噬细胞,内皮细胞的诱导及激活,介导这些细胞中细胞因子、黏附分子的表达,及炎症细胞的黏附、移行7.
      COX-2,iNOS
为两种诱生型酶,静息状态下不表达.当细胞接受各种刺激,如细胞因子TNF-α,IL-lβ后,其表达大量增加17-22.COX-2,iNOS是炎症时PGs(主要是PGE2)及NO生成增加的主要原因.过量的PGE2NO使血管扩张、通透性增加,导致黏膜充血、水肿2024.COX-2可引起上皮细胞增生17.还可导致上皮细胞Cl-的分泌,可能参与UC患者腹泻症状的发生.但众多的研究报道,COX-2在对抗炎症及维持黏膜防御功能中可能发挥着重要作用.PGE2调控着淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞的细胞因子产生,抑制TNF-α和IL-lβ的分泌25.由巨噬细胞产生的COX-2依赖性PGs在对抗原的T淋巴细胞反应中发挥着免疫调节作用,从而抑制对肠腔细菌抗原的病理性免疫反应26.此外,COX-2的功能与其在不同时段产生的PGs种类有关.PGJ2是由PPAR-γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ)激活介导的抗炎递质,由COX-2在产生PGE2后持续产生27.PGE2增加损伤时上皮细胞的增生,具有促进上皮再生的作用26.可见,COX-2的功能具有双向性,在UC组织中的表达与病情活动性无关.COX-2不同的是,iNOS的表达与病理分级有关.NO具有趋化中性粒细胞和单核细胞的作用20.NO为一弱自由基,与固有层炎性细胞产生的O2-·反应,生成具有高度细胞毒性的过氧亚硝酸盐(OONO-28,导致细胞膜脂质过氧化,蛋白质巯基氧化、亚硝基化,芳香族氨基酸的硝基化,及DNA链断裂1929,引起上皮细胞损伤.此外,NO还可增加上皮细胞通透性,推测是由于其对调控上皮细胞间紧密连接的收缩蛋白具有“松弛”作用30.这些因素均削弱了肠黏膜上皮的屏障功能,有利于炎症始动因子的作用.
      NF-
κBp65 COX-2iNOS表达和分布具有相似性且表达均两两相关,表明他们有共同的诱导物,如TNF-α,IL-lβ.COX-2iNOS表达的调控机制极相似,且均与NF-κBp65的诱导关系密切. NF-κB的诱导及激活在介导炎症基因表达中可能发挥着重要作用.理解NF-κBUC发病机制中的作用,有助于深入理解药物的作用机制,设计出更为有效的治疗手段.

4  REFERENCES
1  Schottelius AJ, Baldwin AS Jr. A role for transcription factor NF-kappa B in intestinal inflammation.
    Int J Colorectal Dis 1999;14:18-28
2  Kaltschmidt C, Kaltschmidt B, Neumann H, Wekerle H, Baeuerle PA. Constitutive NF-
κB activity in neurons.
    Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14: 3981-3992
3  Tian G, Yu JP, Luo HS, Yu BP, Li JY. The expression and effect of cyclooxygenase-2 in acute hepatic injury.
    Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2002;10:24-27
4  Ganster RW, Taylor BS, Shao LF, Geller DA. Complex regulation of human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene transcription by
    Stat l and NF-κB. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:8638-8643
5  Jiang XL, Quan QZ, Wang ZK. Diagnosis,typing and therapy of ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2000;8:332-334
6  Koga H, Sakisaka S, Ohishi M, Kawaguchi T, Taniguchi E, Sasatomi K, Harada M,Kusada T,Tanaka M,Kimura R,Nakashima Y,
    Nakashima O,Kojiro M, Kurohiji T,Sata M. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma: relevance to tumor
    dedifferentiation. Hepotology 1999;29: 688-696
7  Xia B. Etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2001;9:245-250
8  Xu MQ,Xue L,Gong JP. Significance of Kupffer cell NF-
κB activation during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion in rats.
    Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2001;9:1250-1253
9  Mei Q, Yu JP, Xu JM, Xiang L. The effect of melatonin on the immunological function of colitis in rats.
    Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2002;10:193-196
10  Weaver SA, Russo MP, Wright KL, Kolios G, Jobin C, Robertson DAF, Ward SG. Regulatory role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
      onTNF-α-induced cyclooxygenase 2 expression in colonic epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1117-1127
11  Qi JM, Zhang YD. Expression of eNOS and iNOS in rats of acute liver failure. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2001;9:1003-1007
12  Wu HP,Wu KC,Li L,Yao LP,Lan M,Wang X,Fan DM.Cloning of human cyclooxygenase 2(COX-2) encoding gene and study of
      gastric cancer cell transfected with its antisense vector. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2000;8:1211-1217
13  Hsu H, Xiong J, Goeddel D. The TNF receptor 1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NF-
κB activation.
      Cell 1995;81: 495-504
14  Cao Z, Xiong J, TaKeuchi M, Kurama T, Goeddel DV. TRAF6 is a signal transducer for interleukin-1. Nature 1996; 383: 443-446
15  Rogler G, Brand K, Vogl D, Page S, Hofmeister R, Andus T, Knuecbel R,Baeuerle PA,Scbolmericb J, Gross V. Nuclear factor
κB
      is activated in macrophages and epithelial cells of inflammed intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology 1998;115:357-369
16  Jiang XL, Quan QZ, Sun ZQ, Wang YJ, Qi F. Expression of adhesive molecules in tissues and peripheral lymphocyte of patients
      with ulcerative colitis. Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 1998; 6: 54-55
17  Sun B,Wu YL,Zhang XJ,Wang SN,He HY,Qiao MM,Zhang YP,Zhong J.Effects of Sulindac on growth inhibition and apoptosis
      induction in human gastric cancer cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2001;9:997-1002
18  Wu QM,Li SB,Wang Q,Wang DH,Li XB,Liu CZ.The expression of COX-2 in esophageal carcinoma and its relation to clinicopathologic
      characteristics. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2001;9:11-14
19  Li J, Sun M, Han M. NO,SOD and NOS in injuried liver of fetus rat with intrauterine asphyxia.
      Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2002;10:177-181
20  Guo JS, Koo MWL, Wang JY, Cho CH. Expression and activity patterns of iNOS and eNOS in acetic acid induced gastric ulcers in rats.
      Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2001;9:288-292
21  Gu F, Lu YM. Treatment of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2001;9:785-786
22  Feng ZJ, Yao XX. Regulating effect of NO-PGI2 on visceral angiectasis in portal hypertension.
      Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2000;8:1154-1156
23  Jiang XL, Quan QZ, Liu T, Dong XC. Recent advances in research of ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2000;8:216-218
24  Kirsner JB. Historical origins of current IBD concepts. World J Gastroenterol 2001;7:175-184
25  Morteau O, Morham, SG, Sellon R, Dieleman LA, Langenbach R, Smithies O. Impaired mucosal defense to acute colonic injury in
      mice lacking cyclooxygenase-1 or cyclooxygenase-2. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 469-478
26  Halter F,Tarnawski AS,Schmassmann A,Peskar BM.Cyclooxygenase 2-implications on maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity and
      ulcer healing:controversial issues and perspectives. Gut 2001;49:443-453
27  Su CG, Wen X, Bailey ST, Jiang W, Rangwala SM, Keilbaugh SA,Flanigan A,Murthy S,Lazar MA,Wu GD. A novel therapy for colitis
      utilizing PPAR-γ ligands to inhibit the epithelial inflammatory response. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 383-389
28  Kuai XL,Ge ZJ,Meng XY,Ni RZ.Expression of nitric oxide synthase in human gastric carcinoma.
      Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2000;8:22-24
29  Yao CB,Wu SD,Xia ZL.Effect of transabdominal esophagogastric decascularization with splenectomy on nitric oxide and oxygen-
      derived free radicals in portal hypertension. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2002;10:28-31
30  Wallace JL,Miller MJS. Nitric oxide in mucosal defence: A little goes a long way. Gastroenterology 2000;119:512-520