Chao-Pin Li, Yu-Bao Cui, Jian Wang, Qing-Gui Yang, Ye Tian, Department of Etiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui Province, China
Correspondence to: Dr. Chao-Pin Li, Department of Etiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui Province, China. yxfy@aust.edu.cn
Telephone: +86-554-6658770 Fax: +86-554-6662469
Received: 2002-11-11 Accepted: 2002-12-20

Abstract
AIM: To investigate epidemiology and pathogenic mite species of intestinal and urinary acariasis in individuals with different occupations.

METHODS: A total of 1994 individuals were tested in this study. History collection, skin prick test and pathogen identification were conducted. The mites were isolated from stool and urine samples by saturated saline flotation methods and sieving following centrifugation, respectively.

RESULTS: Among the 1994 individuals examined, responses to the skin prick test of "+++" "++" "+","±"and "-"were observed at frequencies of 3.96 % (79), 3.21 % (64), 2.31 % (46), 1.25 % (25) and 89.27 % (1780), respectively. A total number of 161 (8.07 %) individuals were shown to carry mites, with 92 (4.61 %) positive only for stool samples, 37 (1.86 %) positive only for urine samples and 32 (1.60 %) for both. The positive rate of mites in stool samples was 6.22 % (124/1994), being 6.84 % (78/1140) for males and 5.39 % (46/854) for females. No gender difference was observed in this study (x²=1.77, P>0.05). The mites from stool samples included Acarus siro, TyroPhagus putrescentiae, Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Glycyphagus domesticus, G.ornatus, Carpoglyphus lactis and Tarsonemus granaries. The positive rate of mites in urine samples was 3.46 % (69/1994). The positive rates for male and female subjects were found to be 3.95 % (45/1140) and 2.81 % (24/854) respectively, with no gender difference observed (x²=1.89, P>0.05). Mites species in urine samples included Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, T. longior, Aleuroglyphus ovatus, Caloglyphus berlesei, C. mycophagus, Suidasia nesbitti, Lardoglyphus konoi, Glycyphagus domesticus, Carpoglyphus lactis, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Euroglyphus magnei, Caloglyphus hughesi, Tarsonemus granarus and T. hominis. The species of mites in stool and urine samples were consistent with those separated from working environment. A significant difference was found among the frequencies of mite infection in individuals with different occupations (x²=82.55, P<0.001), with its frequencies in those working in medicinal herb storehouses, those in rice storehouse or mills, miners, railway workers, pupils and teachers being 15.89 % (68/428), 12.96 % (53/409), 3.28 % (18/549), 2.54 % (6/236), 5.10 % (13/255) and 2.56 % (3/117), respectively.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of human intestinal and urinary acariasis was not associated with gender, and these diseases are more frequently found in individuals working in medicinal herb, rice storehouses or mills and other sites with high density of mites. More attention should be paid to the mite prevention and labor protection for these high-risk groups.

Li CP, Cui YB, Wang J, Yang QG, Tian Y. Acaroid mite, intestinal and urinary acariasis. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9(4): 874-877
http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/9/874.htm
　

INTRODUCTION
Various species of mites often infest stored foodstuffs and various drugs, and cause losses in food and drug products, especially in humid and warm area^[1-9]. They are small creatures of about half a millimeter in body size and creamy white in color, proving difficult to be detected from drugs and food products. Therefore, the incidence of various forms of human acariasis presumably caused by the ingestion of mite-infested food is unusually high in China^[10]. In this study we investigates the epidemiological characteristics and pathogenic mite species of intestinal and urinary acariasis in individuals with different occupations in Anhui Province.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Population
A total of 1994 subjects with the average age of 35 years (6- 63 years), 1 140 males and 854 females, were examined in this study, including medicinal herb storehouse workers (n=428), rice storehouse or mill workers (n=409), miners (n=549), railway workers (n=236), pupils (n=255) and teachers (n=117). Special attention was paid to individuals with intestinal or/ and urinary symptoms.

Methods
History collection, skin prick test and etiological examination were carried out on the 1994 subjects.
History collection A questionnaire, administered by a nurse, was used to collect information from each subject investigated. Information was collected by means of in-person, telephone, interview, including age, gender, history of present illness, anamnesis, symptomatology (i.e. abdominal pain, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, urethremorrhage, urodynia, cloudy urine, frequency of micturition), onset date and duration of symptoms, personal habits, living environmental hygiene and the date of stool and urine sample collection.
Skin prick test Skin prick test were performed with the concentrations of 1:100 (W/V) of the test extract. After skin disinfection, a little of extract (about 0.01 ml) was dripped on skin surface of right forearm flexor, then a special disinfectant needle was used to prick into the skin through the drop of the extract. The depth of needle in skin was limited about 0.5-1 mm and there was no bloodshed. About 5 cm apart from the extract drop, normal saline in proximal and histamine in distalis were used for negative and positive control solution. The mean diameter of the wheals or areolae was measured 15-20 min after the test. The reactions with the mean diameter up to 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 5 mm and 10 mm were regarded as ±. +, ++, +++ and ++++, respectively.
   The test extract was made according to NIBSC82/518 approved by World Health Organization (WHO) in 1984. The purified fraction was prepared as follows: the mites were then frozen and thawed several times after having been cultured in the initial medium for several months. A 48-hr maceration in a borate buffer (pH 8.5) was followed by centrifugation. The supernatant was neutralized and submitted to precipitation with a series of acetone. The fraction precipitated at 80 % acetone was isolated, washed and dried. This purified extract was lyophilized or stored as a solution in the presence of 50 % glycerol and 5 % phenol^[11-14].
Etiological examination All individuals were asked to provide stool and urine samples for etiological examination. Mites in stool samples were separated by saturated saline flotation methods, and the mites were identified under microscope. Each stool sample was examined for three times Specimens containing adult or larval mites, eggs, or hypopus were considered positive.
   Samples of the first urine in the morning and 24 hours'urine of all individuals were collected for separation of mites. After centrifugation and filtration with a copper sieve, they were examined under a microscope for adult or larval mites, eggs or hypopus.
Blood examination Leukocytes were also counted and sorted in 30 patients with mites detected.
Detection of mites from working environment Directicopy, waterenacopy and tullgren were used to identify mites from mill floor dust, stores of medicinal herbs including wolfberry fruit, ophiopogon root liquorice, boat-fruited sterculia seed and safflower.
Colonoscopy After defecation, the patients with mites found in their stools were examined by routine colonoscopy.
Cystoscopy After emiction, the patients with mites detected in their urine were examined by routine cystoscopy.

Statistical analysis
The positivity rates were expressed as percentages, and the statistical analysis was carried out by using x² test. A probability value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS
Skin prick test
The skin prick test was definitely positive in 189 subjects, with the results "+++" "++" "+","±"and "-"observed in 79 (3.96 %), 64 (3.21 %), 46 (2.31 %), 25 (1.25 %) and 1 780 (89.27 %), respectively among the 1994 individuals examined.

Etiological examination
Of 1994 individuals investigated, mites were detected from stool or/and urine samples in 161 (8.07 %) subjects, with the positive rates in stool, urine and in both being 4.61 % (92), 1.86 % (37) and 1.60 % (32), respectively.
   The positive rate of mites in stool samples was 6.22 % (124/1 994), with that for male and female subjects being 6.84 % (78/1 140) and 5.39 % (46/854), respectively. No gender difference was found in this series (x²=1.77, P>0.05). The mites from stool samples included Acarus siro, TyroPhagus putrescentiae, Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Glycyphagus domesticus, G.ornatus, Carpoglyphus lactis and Tarsonemus granaries. Among 124 cases with mites in stool samples, 54 (43.55 %) were positive for adult mites, 13 (10.48 %) for larval mites, 43 (34.68 %) for both adult and larval mites, 3 (2.42 %) for both adult mites and eggs, 6 (4.84 %) for adult and larval mites and eggs, 3 (2.42 %) for both larval mites and eggs and 2 (1.61 %) for both hypopus and eggs. Mite concentration was also estimated, being 1-2 /cm³, 2-4 /cm³ and >5 /cm³ in 6, 30 and 88 cases, respectively.
   Totally, mites were detected from urine samples at a frequency of 3.46 % (69/1 994). The positive rate for male and female subjects were 3.95 % (45/1140) and 2.81 % (24/854), respectively, with no gender difference found in this series (x²=1.89, P>0.05). The mites in urine samples were separated and identified, including Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, T. longior, Aleuroglyphus ovatus, Caloglyphus berlesei, C. mycophagus, Suidasia nesbitti, Lardoglyphus konoi, Glycyphagus domesticus, Carpoglyphus lactis, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Euroglyphus magnei, Caloglyphus hughesi, Tarsonemus granarus and T. hominis. Among the 69 positive cases, 19 cases (27.54 %) were found to be positive for adult mites, 18 (26.09 %) for larval mites, 11 (15.94 %) both adult and larval mites, 3 (4.35 %) for adult mites and eggs, 11 (15.94 %) adult and larval mites and eggs, 6 (8.70 %) for larval mites and eggs, and 1 (1.44 %) for both hypopus and eggs. The mite concentrations were shown to be <0.5 /ml, 0.6-1 /ml, 1.1-1.5 /ml and >1.5 /ml, respectively, in 32, 25, 10 and 2 cases, reflecting the verity infectiosity of mites among different individuals.

Relationship between skin prick test and etiological examination
The results of etiological examination are correlative to skin prick test. One hundred and sixty-one of the 189 cases (85.19 %) positive skin-prick reaction were found to be positive for mites in their stool or / and urine samples. The intensities of the skin prick reaction were also found to be associated to mite concentrations in stool or / and urine samples, with the reactions "+++" "++" and"+"corrective to 100 % (79/79), 90.63 % (58/64) and 37.50 % (24/46), respectively.

Blood examination
Leukocytes were counted and sorted in so cases, most of them being in the range of (5.55-10.4)×10⁹/L with the exception of 4 cases [(11.0-12.9)×10⁹/L]. The esoinophilic granulocyte count was high [(0.32-0.78)×10⁹/L]. The average value of constituent ratio of eosinophilic granulocyte was 0.09 (0.04-0.11) and was higher than the normal range (P<0.01).

Mites separated from working environment
The samples of mill floor dust (30 shares), stores of medicinal herbs (146 species) including wolfberry fruit, ophiopogon root liquorice, boat-fruited sterculia seed, safflower and other working environmental foodstuffs were collected and used for mites isolation. Numbers of mites per gram were shown to be 91-1862, 21-186, 0-483, 10-348, 51-712, and 311-1193, in mill floor dust, traditional Chinese medicine stores, traditional Chinese herbs including candied fruit, dry fruit, brown sugar, and expired cake. Twenty-two species, from 9 families of mites were separated and identified out of them, including Acaridae, Lardoglyphidae, Glycyphagidae, Chortoglyphidae, Carpoglyphidae, Histiostomidae, Pyroglyphidae, Tarsonemus, Cheyletus. The mite species isolates from working environmentwere were shown to be similar to those from stored food staffs.

Relationship between acariasis and occupation
Of the 1994 subjects investigated, mites were detected in 68 individuals (15.89 %) working in traditional Chinese medical storehouses, and 53 rice storehouse or mill workers 53 (12.96 %), being higher than those with other occupations (Table 1).

Table 1 Prevalence of intestinal and urinary tract mite infection in individuals with different occupations

^ax²=82.55, P<0.001.

Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy performs in 16 patients with mites found only in stool, showing pale intestinal wall, punctate ulcer, and exfoliated cell from intestinal wall. In addition, live mites and eggs were observed in tissues, especially in marginal zone of ulcer.

Cystoscopy
Cystoscopy was performed in the 11 patients with mites only found in urine samples, showing Pachymucosa, uroepithelial hyperplasia, lymphocyte and plasmaocyte infiltration in membrana propria and a lot of dense pink abscess in the trigone. In addition, trabecularism of inner wall of urinary bladder changed slightly, local of lateral wall was congestive, and blood capillary was also congestive and dilated. By cystoscopy, 4 adult mites were found in 3 of 11 subjects, which were identified to be Lardoglyphus konoi, Euroglyphus magnei, Tarsonemus granarus, and neither larval mite nor egg was found.

DISCUSSION
The acaroid mite is a kind of arthropod and its geographic distribution appears to be global^[15,16]. Acaroid mites infestation is a well-known problem for stored grain, often influencing quality and hygienic condition of the grain^[1-9]. However, little is known about acariasis. Acaroid mite can survive in many environments including the storehouse, human and animal bodies. Its infestion in human can cause acariasis in several organs including the lung, intestine and urinary tract^[17-26].
   In this study, mites were identified in 124 of the 1994 stool samples. The mite species observed in stool samples included Acaridae, Glycyphagidae, Carpoglyphidae, Pyroglyphidae and Tarsonemus, being in accordance with those found in the working places of the patients. This confirmed that mites being able to live in intestinal tract and causing intestinal acariasis were transmitted through living environment and stored foods. The respiratory infection through the polluted air may also be an alternative pathway. Eight sampling sites had been set up in a traditional Chinese medicine plant, and 13 mites had been isolated from the dust samples collected from the 640 L volume of air in the working environment of the plant. When dust with mites ingested, some of mites might go into intestine through mouth, nasal cavity or gorge. The mites living in intestinal tract may stimulate mechanically and damage intestinal tissues with its gnathosoma, chelicera, feet, and other structures^[27,28]. In addition, they may also intrude into mucous layer and deep tissues, and cause necroinflammation and ulcers^[29-33]. This has been approved in this study by colonoscopy, with spotty necrosis, petechial hemorrhage and ulcer observed. The most frequent symptoms of the intestinal acariasis were abdominal pain, diarrhea and pyohemofecia ^{[10, 34,45]}.
   Urinary acariasis was caused by mites parasitizing in human urinary tract. Mite isolation from urine is essential for its diagnosis. In the present study, 1994 individuals with different occupation were surveyed 69 patients found from their urine samples, 17 mite species were identified, with most of them being Acaridida. Apparently the pathogenic mites come from environment. Regarding the transmission path, the following possibilities have been proposed. First, the insects may enter the urinary tract by crawling from vulva. Second, they may enter the body through skin and reach urinary tract in some way. Third, mites in respiratory or alimentary system may enter the blood circulation, and reach kidney and urinary tract^[46-50]. Acarid in human urinary system may damage urethral epithelia, for the mites are good at digging. Furthermore, they can also invade loose connective tissue and small blood vessel in urinary tract, and caused an ulcer. Under cystoscopy, a lot of dense pink abscess were found in trigone of urinary bladder in this study.
   The incidence of intestinal and urinary acariasis was shown in this study to vary greatly and was linked to occupations, being higher in individuals working in traditional Chinese medicine (16 %) and rice storehouses or mills (13 %) than in those with other occupations (2.5-8.1 %). The densities of mites in traditional Chinese medicine and rice storehouses were shown to be high. When peoples exposed to these environment for a long time, the possibility to be infected may be greater than those in environments with low densities of mites. It is important to note that some patients with acariasis have habits of having teas immersed by traditional Chinese herbs, such as Liriope longipedicellata, Radix glycyrrhizae, boat-fruited sterculia seed, and eating dried kern like dateplum persimmon, candied jujube and Crataegus cuneata. Therefore, the prevalence of acariasis was related to personal habits and densities of mites in working environment and stored foodstuffs.

REFERENCES
1    Sun HL, Lue KH. Household distribution of house dust mite in central Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect
      2000; 33: 233-236
2    Croce M, Costa-Manso E, Baggio D, Croce J. House dust mites in the city of Lima, Peru. Investig Allergol Clin Immunol
      2000; 10: 286-288
3    Arlian LG, Neal JS, Vyszenski-Moher DL. Reducing relative humidity to control the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae.
      J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104: 852-856
4    Mumcuoglu KY, Gat Z, Horowitz T, Miller J, Bar-Tana R, Ben-Zvi A, Naparstek Y. Abundance of house dust mites in relation
      to climate in contrasting agricultural settlements in Israel. Med Vet Entomol 1999; 13: 252-258
5    Arlian LG, Neal JS, Vyszenski-Moher DL. Fluctuating hydrating and dehydrating relative humidities effects on the life cycle
      of Dermatophagoides farinae (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). J Med Entomol 1999; 36: 457-461
6    Racewicz M. House dust mites (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) in the cities of Gdansk and Gdynia (northern Poland). Ann Agric
      Environ Med 2001; 8: 33-38
7    Solarz K. Risk of exposure to house dust pyroglyphid mites in Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med 2001; 8: 11-24
8    Sadaka HA, Allam SR, Rezk HA, Abo-el-Nazar SY, Shola AY. Isolation of dust mites from houses of Egyptian allergic
      patients and induction of experimental sensitivity by Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. J Egypt Soc Parasitol
      2000; 30: 263-276
9    Boquete M, Carballada F, Armisen M, Nieto A, Martin S, Polo F, Carreira J. Factors influencing the clinical picture and
      the differential sensitization to house dust mites and storage mites. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2000; 10: 229-234
10  Li CP, Wang J. Intestinal acariasis in Anhui Province. World J Gastroenterol 2000; 6: 597-600
11  Nuttall TJ, Lamb JR, Hill PB. Characterisation of major and minor Dermatophagoides allergens in canine atopic dermatitis.
      Res Vet Sci 2001; 71: 51-57
12  Basomba A, Tabar AI, de Rojas DH, Garcia BE, Alamar R, Olaguibel JM, del Prado JM, Martin S, Rico P. Allergen
      vaccination with a liposome-encapsulated extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus: a randomized, double-blind,
      placebo -controlled trial in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109: 943-948
13  Akcakaya N, Hassanzadeh A, Camcioglu Y, Cokugras H. Local and systemic reactions during immunotherapy with
      adsorbed extracts of house dust mite in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 85: 317-321
14  Hillier A, Kwochka KW, Pinchbeck LR. Reactivity to intradermal injection of extracts of Dermatophagoides
      farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, house dust mite mix, and house dust in dogs suspected to have atopic
      dermatitis: 115 cases (1996-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217: 536-540
15  Musken H, Franz JT, Wahl R, Paap A, Cromwell O, Masuch G, Bergmann KC. Sensitization to different mite species in
      German farmers: clinical aspects. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2000; 10: 346-351
16  van Hage-Hamsten M, Johansson E. Clinical and immunologic aspects of storage mite allergy. Allergy
      1998; 53(Suppl 48): 49-53
17  Beco L, Petite A, Olivry T. Comparison of subcutaneous ivermectin and oral moxidectin for the treatment of notoedric
      acariasis in hamsters. Vet Rec 2001; 149: 324-327
18  Hiraoka E, Sato T, Shirai W, Kimura J, Nogami S, Itou M, Shimizu K. A case of pulmonary acariasis in lung of
      Japanese macaque. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63: 87-89
19  van der Geest LP, Elliot SL, Breeuwer JA, Beerling EA. Diseases of mites. Exp Appl Acarol 2000; 24: 497-560
20  Hammerberg B, Bevier D, DeBoer DJ, Olivry T, Orton SM, Gebhard D, Vaden SL. Auto IgG anti-IgE and IgG x IgE
      immune complex presence and effects on ELISA-based quantitation of IgE in canine atopic dermatitis, demodectic acariasis
      and helminthiasis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1997; 60: 33-46
21  Morris DO, Dunstan RW. A histomorphological study of sarcoptic acariasis in the dog: 19 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
      1996; 32: 119-124
22  Jungmann P, Guenet JL, Cazenave PA, Coutinho A, Huerre M. Murine acariasis: I. Pathological and clinical evidence
      suggesting cutaneous allergy and wasting syndrome in BALB/c mouse. Res Immunol 1996; 147: 27-38
23  Jungmann P, Freitas A, Bandeira A, Nobrega A, Coutinho A, Marcos MA, Minoprio P. Murine acariasis. II.
      Immunological dysfunction and evidence for chronic activation of Th-2 lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol 1996; 43: 604-612
24  Ponsonby AL, Kemp A, Dwyer T, Carmichael A, Couper D, Cochrane J. Feather bedding and house dust mite sensitization
      and airway disease in childhood. J Clin Epidemiol 2002; 55: 556-562
25  Paufler P, Gebel T, Dunkelberg H. Quantification of house dust mite allergens in ambient air. Rev Environ. Health
      2001; 16: 65-80
26  Zhou X, Li N, Li JS. Growth hormone stimulates remnant small bowel epithelial cell proliferation. World J Gastroenterol
      2000; 6: 909-913
27  Fryauff DJ, Prodjodipuro P, Basri H, Jones TR, Mouzin E, Widjaja H, Subianto B. Intestinal parasite infections after
      extended use of chloroquine or primaquine for malaria prevention. J Parasitol 1998; 84: 626-629
28  Barrett KE. New insights into the pathogenesis of intestinal dysfunction: secretory diarrhea and cystic fibrosis. World
      J Gastroenterol 2000; 6: 470-474
29  He ST, He FZ, Wu CR, Li SX, Liu WX, Yang YF, Jiang SS, He G. Treatment of rotaviral gastroenteritis with Qiwei Baizhu
      powder. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7: 735-740
30  Zhou JL, Xu CH. The method of treatment on protozoon diarrhea. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2000; 8: 93-95
31  Lee JD, Wang JJ, Chung LY, Chang EE, Lai LC, Chen ER, Yen CM. A survey on the intestinal parasites of the school children
      in Kaohsiung county. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2000; 16: 452-458
32  Herwaldt BL, de Arroyave KR, Wahlquist SP, de Merida AM, Lopez AS, Juranek DD. Multiyear prospective study of
      intestinal parasitism in a cohort of Peace Corps volunteers in Guatemala. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 34-42
33  Komatsu S, Nimura Y, Granger DN. Intestinal stasis associated bowel inflammation. World J Gastroenterol 1999; 5: 518-521
34  Davis MD, Richardson DM, Ahmed DD. Rate of patch test reactions to a Dermatophagoides mix currently on the market: a
      mite too sensitive? Am J Contact Dermat 2002; 13: 71-73
35  Lebbad M, Norrgren H, Naucler A, Dias F, Andersson S, Linder E. Intestinal parasites in HIV-2 associated AIDS cases
      with chronic diarrhoea in Guinea-Bissau. Acta Trop 2001; 80: 45-49
36  Menon BS, Abdullah MS, Mahamud F, Singh B. Intestinal parasites in Malaysian children with cancer. J Trop Pediatr
      1999; 45: 241-242
37  Vandenplas Y. Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants and children. World J
      Gastroenterol 1999; 5: 375-382
38  Germani Y, Minssart P, Vohito M, Yassibanda S, Glaziou P, Hocquet D, Berthelemy P, Morvan J. Etiologies of acute,
      persistent, and dysenteric diarrheas in adults in Bangui, Central African Republic, in relation to human immunodeficiency
      virus serostatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998; 59: 1008-1014
39  Spiewak R, Gora A, Horoch A, Dutkiewicz J. Atopy, allergic diseases and work-related symptoms among students
      of agricultural schools: first results of the Lublin study. Ann Agric Environ Med 2001; 8: 261-267
40  Fan WG, Long YH. Diarrhea in travelers. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2000; 8: 937-938
41  Feng ZH. Application of gene vaccine and vegetable gene in infective diarrhea. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi
      2000; 8: 934-936
42  Xiao YH. Treatment of infective Diarrhea with antibiotic. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2000; 8: 930-932
43  Walusiak J, Palczynski C, Wyszynska-Puzanska C, Mierzwa L, Pawlukiewicz M, Ruta U, Krakowiak A, Gorski P. Problems
      in diagnosing occupational allergy to flour: results of allergologic screening in apprentice bakers. Int J Occup Med
      Environ Health 2000; 13: 15-22
44  Barret JP, Dardano AN, Heggers JP, McCauley RL. Infestations and chronic infections in foreign pediatric patients with burns:
      is there a role for specific protocols? J Burn Care Rehabil 1999; 20: 482-486
45  Xia B, Shivananda S, Zhang GS, Yi JY, Crusius JBA, Peka AS.Inflammatory bowel disease in Hubei Province of China. China
      Natl J New Gastroenterol 1997; 3: 119-120
46  Bertot GM, Corral RS, Fresno M, Rodriguez C, Katzin AM, Grinstein S. Trypanosoma cruzi tubulin eliminated in the urine of
      the infected host. J Parasitol 1998; 84: 608-614
47  Snowden KF, Didier ES, Orenstein JM, Shadduck JA. Animal models of human microsporidial infections. Lab Anim Sci
      1998; 48: 589-592
48  Mqoqi NP, Appleton CC, Dye AH. Prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium urinary schistosomiasis in the Port
      St Johns district. S Afr Med J 1996; 86: 76-80
49  Greiff L, Andersson M, Svensson J, Wollmer P, Lundin S, Persson CG. Absorption across the nasal airway mucosa in house
      dust mite perennial allergic rhinitis. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2002; 22: 55-57
50  Obase Y, Shimoda T, Tomari SY, Mitsuta K, Kawano T, Matsuse H, Kohno S. Effects of pranlukast on chemical mediators
      in induced sputum on provocation tests in atopic and aspirin-intolerant asthmatic patients. Chest 2002; 121: 143-150

Edited by Su Q