Levent Erdem, Nihat Akbayır, Department of Gastroenterology, Şişli Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34381, Turkey

Sadık Yıldırım, Department of General Surgery, Şişli Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34381, Turkey

Banu Yılmaz, Department of Pathology, Şişli Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34381, Turkey

Necati Yenice, Department of Gastroenterology, Okmeydanı Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34381, Turkey

Orhan Sami Gültekin, Endotıp Private Endoscopy Center, Istanbul 34381, Turkey

Önder Peker, Department of Pathology, Haydarpaşa Numune Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34381, Turkey

Author contributions: Erdem L and Yıldırım S designed research; Erdem L, Yıldırım S, Akbayır N, Yenice N, Gültekin OS performed research; Peker Ö and Yılmaz B performed pathologic examinations; and Erdem L, Yıldırım S and Akbayır N analyzed data and wrote the paper.

Correspondence to: Levent Erdem, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Şişli Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, Abide-i Hürriyet cad. Şen ap. No. 103/1 Şen Ap. K:1 D:2 Şişli, İstanbul 34381, Turkey. leventerdem2003@yahoo.com

Telephone: +90-212-2340808  Fax: +90-212-2910001

Received: August 2, 2007          Revised: July 3, 2008

Accepted: July 10, 2008

Published online: July 21, 2008

Abstract

AIM: To investigate the prevalence and demography of microscopic colitis in patients with diarrhea of unknown etiology and normal colonoscopy in Turkey.

METHODS: Between March, 1998 to July, 2005, 129 patients with chronic non-bloody diarrhea of unexplained etiology who had undergone full colonoscopy with no obvious abnormalities were included in the study. Two biopsies were obtained from all colonic segments and terminal ileum for diagnosis of microscopic colitis. On histopathologic examination, criteria for lymphocytic colitis (intraepithelial lymphocyte ≥ 20 per 100 intercryptal epithelial cells, change in surface epithelium, mononuclear infiltration of the lamina propria) and collagenous colitis (subepithelial collagen band thickness ≥ 10 mm) were explored.

RESULTS: Lymphocytic colitis was diagnosed in 12 (9%) patients (Female/Male: 7/5, mean age: 45 year, range: 27-63) and collagenous colitis was diagnosed in only 3 (2.5%) patients (all female, mean age: 60 years, range: 54-65).

CONCLUSION: Biopsy of Turkish patients with the diagnosis of chronic non-bloody diarrhea of unexplained etiology and normal colonoscopic findings will reveal microscopic colitis in approximately 10% of the patients. Lymphocytic colitis is 4 times more frequent than collagenous colitis in these patients.

© 2008 The WJG Press. All rights reserved.

Key words: Diarrhea of unknown etiology; Microscopic colitis; Lymphocytic colitis; Collagenous colitis

Peer reviewers: Karel Geboes, Professor, Laboratory of Histo- and Cytochemistry, University Hospital K.U. Leuven, Capucienenvoer 33, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Christina Surawicz, MD, Christina Surawicz, Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Ave, #359773, Seattle WA 98104, United States

Erdem L, Yıldırım S, Akbayır N, Yılmaz B, Yenice N, Gültekin OS, Peker Ö. Prevalence of microscopic colitis in patients with diarrhea of unknown etiology in Turkey. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14(27): 4319-4323  Available from: URL: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/14/4319.asp  DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.4319

INTRODUCTION

Chronic diarrhea with no obvious reason is one of the challenges of gastroenterology. In 1980, Read et al^[1] introduced microscopic colitis characterized by chronic diarrhea with normal endoscopic and radiologic findings, but with increased colonic mucosal inflammatory cells and epithelial lymphocytic infiltration on histologic examination. Later, Levison et al^[2] emphasized that microscopic colitis covered all cases of colitis with normal colonoscopy, but abnormal histopathologic features and described lymphocytic colitis separately. Collagenous colitis, which is a closely related condition, was first described in 1976 as a separate subtype with additional histological finding of increased subepithelial collagen band thickness^[3]. Thus, microscopic colitis is a condition with two subtypes having similar clinical, but different histological characteristics. In collagenous colitis subepithelial collagenous band thickness is important.

     The prevalence of microscopic colitis has been difficult to estimate. The symptoms of microscopic colitis have been frequently attributed to diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, often for many years before diagnosis. Diagnostic awareness of these conditions by physicians in the geographic area of interest significantly effects the likelihood of diagnosis and, therefore, the prevalence.

     Clinical and histological characteristics of micro-scopic colitis have been well established^[4-8]. However, limited data is available regarding the prevalence, pathogenesis and progress of the disease and its treatment. The diagnosis is made only by histologic examination and most of these patients are treated and followed up erroneously as irritable bowel syndrome. Recently, several studies from Sweden and Iceland reported high prevalence of microscopic colitis^[9-11]. In this prospective study we aimed to determine the prevalence of lymphocytic and collagenous colitis in Turkey in a subset of patients with chronic non-bloody diarrhea of unknown origin in which colonoscopy was not conclusive.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

Between March, 1998 and July, 2005, in three centers around Istanbul (two gastroenterology clinics and one private endoscopy laboratory), 129 consecutive patients with unexplained chronic (at least 3 mo duration), non-bloody diarrhea have undergone colonoscopy with visualization of terminal ileum and normal mucosal appearance noted. These patients were included in the study. Inclusion criteria are shown in Table 1. All patients underwent abdominal ultrasonography and/or computer tomography (CT). Patients who received radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or who had undergone operation related to bowel, stomach or gallbladder or patients with inflammatory bowel disease, chronic liver disease, renal disease or pancreatitis, and patients with the history of long term laxative and antibiotic use were excluded from the study. Stool consistency (liquid, semiliquid, soft), number of daily defecation, duration of diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, weight loss, etc) and previous medication were recorded.

Colonoscopy and histology

Patients were prepared for colonoscopy with 90 mL oral monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate. During colonoscopy two biopsies were taken from terminal ileum and all segments of the colon. Specimens were stained with HE and Masson’s Trichrome or Van Gieson dyes.

Diagnostic criteria

Increased chronic inflammatory infiltration in the lamina propria, increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), degeneration of surface epithelium and increased mitosis in crypts were sought for the diagnosis of microscopic colitis. Over 20 IEL per 100 intercryptal epithelial cells (normal < 1-5/100) were deemed necessary for the diagnosis of lymphocytic colitis^[7,8,12] (Table 2). For collagenous colitis subepithelial collagen band thickness was measured by ocular micrometer in Masson’s Trichrome stained specimens. Thickness over 10 mm was required for the diagnosis^[7,8,12] (Table 2).

RESULTS

During the mentioned period, colonoscopy was performed in a total of 9862 patients due to various reasons. One hundred and twenty-nine of those patients had chronic non-bloody diarrhea with no apparent cause even after laboratory and radiologic examination and full colonoscopy with terminal ileal visualization. These patients were included in the study. After colonoscopic biopsy of colonic segments in 114 patients, histopathologic examinations of colonic biopsies were normal. In all patients, biopsies from terminal ileum revealed normal epithelial features.

     Fifteen patients (11.5%) had microscopic colitis (12 lymphocytic colitis and 3 collagenous colitis; 9%, 2.5%, respectively) (Figure 1A and B). Seven of the lymphocytic colitis patients were female, mean age was 45 ± 11.6 (27-63), mean duration of diarrhea was 22 mo (4-96) and mean number of daily defecation was 5 (3-9). Criteria of lymphocytic colitis were present in specimens obtained from all segments of the colon of these patients. Mean number of IEL per 100 intercryptal epithelial cells was 28.2 ± 6.8 (range 20-60) (Figure 1A). All patients with collagenous colitis were female (ages 65, 54 and 61 years) and their subepithelial collagenous band thickness was 31, 21 and 17.5 mm (Figure 1B and C). Mean durations of diarrhea were 34, 11 and 68 mo and mean daily stool frequencies were 5, 8 and 4 times, respectively.

DISCUSSION

Microscopic colitis, which is characterized by chronic watery diarrhea with normal radiological and endoscopic appearances, is diagnosed only by histopatologic examination. This condition which consists of two main subtypes (lymphocytic and collagenous colitis) is a relatively common cause of chronic watery diarrhea, often accompanied by abdominal pain and weight loss.

     Studies from different countries reported microscopic colitis rates between 4%-13% in the cohort of population with non-bloody diarrhea of unknown origin^[10-15]. In the current study, we found this rate to be 11.5% in Turkey.

     Diagnosis of this condition is possible only with the awareness of health workers and careful assessment of the criteria. Therefore, the reported prevalence seems to change within years. In Sweden, microscopic colitis was reported in 4% of patients with non-bloody chronic diarrhea in 1993, but this rate was reported as 10% in 1998^[9,10,13]. The prevalence of collagenous colitis in Sweden between 1984-1988 was 0.8/10⁵ inhabitants, but increased to 6.1/10⁵ inhabitants between 1996-1998^[9,10,13,15]. Recently, higher prevalence values have been reported from Iceland where the mean annual prevalence of collagenous colitis was 5.2/10⁵ inhabitants and the mean annual incidence of lymphocytıc colıtıs was 4.0/10⁵ inhabitants in the period 1995-1999^[11]. According to various studies prevalence of collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis is 10-15.7/100 000 and 14.4/100 000, respectively^[12-14,16].

     In a study performed in Spain, lymphocytic colitis was found in 9.5% of patients who had undergone colonoscopy because of chronic diarrhea during a period of 5 years^[14]. In this study, the prevalence of lymphocytic colitis was three times that of the prevalence of collagenous colitis, female/male ratio in lymphocytic and collagenous colitis was found 2.7/1 and 4.7/1, respectively. Female/male ratio were reported as 5/1 from Iceland and 2.1 from Sweden^[10-15]. In reported series this ratio for collagenous colitis was found as 4/1-20/1^[13-17]. In our study, female/male ratio for lymphocytic colitis was 1.4/1 and lymphocytic colitis was 4 times more than that of collagenous colitis.

     Marshall et al^[18] encountered 13 lymphocytic colitis and 1 collagenous colitis in their 111 chronic-diarrhea patients with unexplained etiology. In another study of 132 consecutive patients who had undergone colonoscopy for chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain, lymphocytic and collagenous colitis found in 21 (16%) and 7 (5%) of patients, respectively^[19].

Mean ages of the patients with lymphocytic and collagenous colitis in other studies were between 51-59 years, and 64-68 years, respectively^[13-17]. In our study, the mean age of the patients with lymphocytic colitis was 45 years (range 27-63). The mean age of our three collagenous colitis patients was 60 years.

     In the studies of Lazenby et al and Baert et al, the mean IEL per 100 intercryptal epithelial cells was 34.7 and 29.4, respectively^[5,8]. In the current study, the mean IEL per 100 intercryptal epithelial cells was 28.2. Normal subjects may have up to 1 to 5 IEL per 100 intercryptal epithelial cells. Some studies have reported that biopsy specimens from all segments of the colon revealed similar number of IEL and, therefore, biopsy obtained only from sigmoid colon would was enough for diagnosis^[7,8,12]. In our study, the number of IEL was increased in all bowel segments.

     Since subepithelial band thickness was less than 8 mm in all our cases of lymphocytic colitis, the diagnosis of collagenous colitis and overlapping form was excluded. In normal subjects subepithelial collagen band thickness of 5-7 mm is considered as normal and band thickness of 7-80 mm is found in collagenous colitis^[7,8,12]. In our 3 collagenous colitis patients the mean band thickness was 23 mm.

     As yet, the etiology of lymphocytic colitis has not been well understood. Gastrointestinal infections, autoimmune diseases and various drugs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ranitidine, carbamazepine, simvastatin, ticlopidine, flutamide etc) were reported to be causative factors^{[12,16,17,20]}. Some gastrointestinal rheumatologic disorders (celiac sprue, rheumatoid arthritis, uveitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, pernicious anemia, autoimmune thyroiditis etc) and positivity of some autoantibodies, particularly antinuclear antibody (ANA) may be associated with both lymphocytic and collagenous colitis^[14,21-24]. Giardiello et al found 4 ANA positive patients in their 12 lymphocytic colitis patients^[24]. We found only one case of ANA positivity in our patients, but none of them were associated with any of the disorders or conditions mentioned above.

Patients with lymphocytic colitis were reported to be effectively treated with medications used in inflammatory bowel disease such as sulfasalazine and 5-ASA. If this regiment fails, bismuth subsalicylate, corticosteroids, azathioprine and cyclosporine may be given^{[12,15-17,25,26]}. In the present study sulfasalazine or 5-ASA was used as first line treatment agents. Preliminary results show positive response in terms of symptom relief. Evaluation of long term outcome should wait completion of the study.

     In conclusion, considering 11.5% of the patients with chronic diarrhea of unknown etiology and normal colonoscopy would have microscopic colitis, biopsy should be taken during colonoscopy in this subset of patients. Although the number of our cases was not enough to answer the question of how many biopsies should be taken and from which part of the colon, the fact that histopathological criteria were determined on all colonic regions in patients with lymphocytic colitis on whom biopsy was performed is promising in terms of diagnostic convenience. Lymphocytic colitis in Turkish patients was found to be 4 times more frequent than collagenous colitis.

 COMMENTS

Background

Microscopic colitis is a chronic diarrheal disease with normal colonoscopic, but with abnormal histopathologic features. It is a disease with two subtypes of similar clinical but different histological features; lymphocytic colitis, which is characterized by pronounced colonic mucosal lymphocyte infiltration and collagenous colitis, which is characterized by increased subepithelial collagenous band thickness. In limited number of studies from various countries the rates of microscopic colitis in patients with chronic diarrhea have been reported between 4%-13%.

Research frontiers

Although the number of the cases was not enough to answer the question of how many biopsies should be taken and from which part of the colon, the fact that histopathological criteria were determined on all colonic regions in patients with lymphocytic colitis on whom biopsy was performed is promising in terms of diagnostic convenience.

Applications

Considering 11.5% of the patients with chronic diarrhea of unknown etiology and normal colonoscopy would have microscopic colitis, biopsy should be taken during colonoscopy in this subset of patients.

Terminology

Microscopic colitis is characterized by chronic watery diarrhea with normal radiological and endoscopic appearances. Lymphocytic colitis has similar characteristics with over 20 intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) per 100 intercryptal epithelial cells. Collagenous colitis has same characteristics with additional histological finding of increased subepithelial collagen band thickness.

Peer review

This is an epidemiologic study confirming findings reported from other countries about the frequency of lymphocytic and collagenous colitis and the importance of biopsies for the diagnosis. It’s a nice paper, well written and well designed.

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             S- Editor  Li DL    L- Editor  Rippe RA    E- Editor  Lin YP

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