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Bei Shi, Wei Wu, Yun-Lin Wu, Department of Gastroente-rology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China Hui Zhu, Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China Author contributions: Wu YL and Shi B designed and performed the research; Zhu H made the radiologic studies; Shi B and Wu W wrote the paper. Correspondence to: Yun-Lin Wu, Department of Gastroente-rology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China. wuyunlin1951@163.com Telephone: +86-21-64370045 Fax: +86-21-64150773 Received: February 25, 2008 Revised: May 8, 2008 Accepted: May 15, 2008 Published online: June 14, 2008
Abstract Two patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hyper-tension related to hepatitis infection were admitted to Shanghai Ruijin Hospital due to recurrent melena and hematemesis. Isolated gastric varices were observed in the gastric fundus during the retroflexion of gastroscope. We carried out endoscopic sclerotherapy successfully for bleeding gastric varices with combined cyanoacrylate and aethoxysklerol, which disappeared dramatically several months after two courses of sclerotherapy for each patient. No complication and clinical signs of gastrointestinal re-bleeding were observed during the 6-mo endoscopic follow-up. CT portal angiography (CTPA) has been widely used in the assessment of variceal treatment and improves the results of endoscopic injection therapy.
© 2008 The WJG Press. All rights reserved.
Key words: Endoscopic sclerotherapy; Cyanoacrylate; Aethoxysklerol; Gastric varices; CT portal angiography
Peer reviewers: Volker F Eckardt, Chief, MD, Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Aukammallee 33, Wiesbaden 65191, Germany; Hiroshi Yoshida, MD, First Department of Surgery, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
Shi B, Wu W, Zhu H, Wu YL. Successful endoscopic sclerotherapy for bleeding gastric varices with combined cyanoacrylate and aethoxysklerol. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14(22): 3598-3601 Available from: URL: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/14/3598.asp DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.3598
INTRODUCTION Gastric varices have been increasingly recognized as a major cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension. Compared with esophageal variceal bleeding, hemorrhage caused by gastric varices is usually more severe and hemostatic control is reported to be more difficult[1]. Management for gastric varices usually include vasoactive agents, endoscopic therapy and surgery[2]. Rupture of gastric fundal varices is often lethal because of massive bleeding[3,4]. Three-channel double-balloon catheter might be ineffective for gastric fundal varices when acute bleeding occurs. Endoscopic injection with tissue adhesives such as histoacryl can effectively control active bleeding[5,6]. However, gastric varices cannot disappear due to the unsatisfactory control of inflammation and fibrous organization caused by adhesives. Although endoscopic variceal ligation therapy (EVL) has shown its benefit for esophageal varices, it cannot achieve a similar success in the management of gastric varices[6]. It was reported that balloon retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO) is a useful treatment for gastric fundal varices, but it requires a gastrorenal shunt as the draining vein[7]. We report two cases of marked gastric varices with no gastrorenal shunt, who were successfully treated with endoscopic therapy with combined adhesives and sclerosants.
CASE REPORT Patient one was a 69-year-old male suffering from recurrent melena for 3 mo. He had a 20-year history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and a 8-year history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and was diagnosed having viral liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension two years ago. His Child-Pugh was class B. Patient two was a 61-year-old female with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. She was admitted to the gastroenterology ward due to the onset of hematemesis. Her Child-Pugh was class A. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy showed massive isolated gastric varices of the gastric fundus with red flat spots on their surface in both patients. No esophageal varices were observed. CTPA revealed dilated portal vein and tortuous splenic vein in both patients while gastric fundal varices were noticed to communicate with the confluence through the left gastric vein. No evidence of gastrorenal shunt was shown. Written informed consent was obtained from the two patients before endoscopic sclerotherapy. Both patients received endoscopic injection sclero-therapy with combined cyanoacrylate and aethoxysklerol. Routine preparation was carried out and anti-foam agent, simethicone, was administered 20 min before endoscopy. An intravenous infusion of somatostatin at 250 mg/h was performed 2 h before and 72 h after the therapy. The endoscopic therapy procedure required a retroflex view for variceal visualization. During the treatment, 10 mL of 1% aethoxysklerol (Polidocanol, Germany) was injected into the varix followed by conventional endoscopic injection sclerotherapy with a mixture of 1.5 mL a-cyanoacrylate alkyl (Compont, China) and 1.5 mL iodinated oil (Lipiodol, French). When no active bleeding or oozing of the varix occurred, the procedure was terminated.
Both patients tolerated the procedure well with no
immediate complication. Subsequent chest X-ray one day after
sclerotherapy demonstrated a marked collection of cyanoacrylate/lipiodol
mixture within the variceal bed in the gastric fundus, but no sign
of ectopic infarction. CTPA 3 wk after sclerotherapy showed
shrinkage of gastric fundal varices and deposition of cyanoacrylate/lipiodol
mixture blocking the draining veins (Figure 1). A repeated
sclerotherapy was performed 3 wk later.
DISCUSSION The incidence of gastric variceal bleeding is lower than that of esophageal varices. However, rupture of gastric varices usually results in more severe hemorrhage and a higher mortality[1]. Since the description of experience with the use of cyanoacrylate compounds in endoscopic treatment of gastric varices in an experimental dog model in 1975[8], adhesives such as N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (histoacryl) have been proved safe and efficient in the treatment of active bleeding of gastric varices. N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate has not been approved for its use in treatment of variceal bleeding by China State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA). In our cases, a-cyanoacrylate alkyl, an analogue of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate approved by SFDA, showed a similar pharmaceutical effect to N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. The adhesive polymer, an unabsorbable foreign body in the bed of varices after injection, could block the ruptured vein yet had a weak effect on promoting organization of the veins. Ulceration may occur and the polymer extrudes from the vessel bed several weeks after injection, during which fatal re-bleeding may occur[9]. The similar extrusion process was performed for the 69-year-old male patient during the endoscopic follow-up period (Figure 3). Polidocanol is a well-accepted sclerosant for obliteration of gastric varices. It can produce significant thrombosis, inflammatory reaction and fibrous degene-ration, thus finally eliminating the varices. Though sclerosing agents are widely used in the treatment of esophageal varices, they are far less promising for the treatment of gastric varices[10,11]. In Japan, ethanolamine oleate (EO) remains the first choice of sclerotherapeutic agents for eradicating esophageal varices, yet it has not been greatly used in the management of gastric varices. Oho and colleagues[12] reported that the rate of initial hemostasis is significantly lower in patients with bleeding gastric varices treated with EO than in those treated with butyl cyanoacrylate. In our cases, the effect of a-cyanoacrylate alkyl and aethoxysklerol on gastric varices was satisfactory and their gastric varices disappeared six months after treatment. Rare but serious complications of endoscopic sclerotherapy may include cerebral stroke, pulmonary embolism, portal vein embolism and splenic infarction[13,14]. Gastric varices are characterized by an enlarged caliber of the vessel bed, large draining veins and rapid blood flow, which may exacerbate the situation. Fortunately, no complication was found in these two patients. After sclerotherapy, both patients were given antacids to suppress the secretion of gastric acid, thus protecting the gastric mucosa and promoting the healing of ulcer. The dosage of rabeprazole, a proton-pump inhibitor, may be increased to 20 mg once a day per oral depending on the severity of ulcer on the surface of varices. Meanwhile, the patients were given propranolol and isosorbide mononitrate to reduce their portal pressure. After sclerotherapy, re-bleeding, especially during the process of adhesive extrusion, should be prevented. CTPA can serve as an important supplement and an alternative technique for gastric varices. It can be applied in choosing appropriate candidates, evaluating and following up patients with gastric varices[15]. We detected the varices and made assessments of portosystemic collaterals through CTPA before sclerotherapy, which demonstrated the afferent and efferent vessels of gastric varices. Willmann and colleagues[16] demonstrated that CTPA is able to differentiate between submucosal and perigastric fundal varices, which is of paramount interest since only the former may cause gastrointestinal hemorrhage. CTPA revealed the vessels blocked by adhesive polymer, obliteration and elimination of gastric varices, suggesting that injection of adhesives in combination with sclerosants is an effective treatment modality for gastric varices. In conclusion, although the optimal treatment for gastric fundal variceal bleeding remains controversial, sclerotherapy with combined a-cyanoacrylate alkyl and aethoxysklerol is an alternative and feasible treatment modality for gastric fundal varices.
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S- Editor Li DL L- Editor Wang XL E- Editor Lin YP
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