Bing-Qing Chen, Qi Wang, Jia-Ren Liu, Jing-Shu Zhang, Xuan-Lin Wang, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
Yan-Mei Yang, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou 515031, Guangdong Province, China
Yan-Hui Gao, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the Center for Endemic Disease Control, Beijing, China
Rui-Hai Liu, Food Science and Toxicology, Department of Food Science, 108 Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7201, USA
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30070658
Correspondence to: Professor Bing-Qing Chen, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.  bingqingchen@sina.com
Telephone: +86-451-3608014    Fax: +86-451-3648617
Received: 2003-10-08    Accepted: 2003-12-08

Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of c9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9,t11-CLA) on the adhesion of human gastric carcinoma cell line (SGC-7901).

METHODS: SGC-7901 cells were at first treated with different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200 mmol/L) of c9,t11-CLA and 1 mL/L ethanol (as a negative control) for 24 h. Using adhesion assay and Western blot, we investigated the ability of SGC-7901 cells to adhere to intracellular matrix and examined the expression of E-cadherin (ECD), a-catenin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in these cells.

RESULTS: The attachment rate to laminin of SGC-7901 cells treated with different concentrations of c9,t11-CLA (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mmol/L) was 100.0±3.3, 95.7±4.0, 89.2±4.6, 87.9±6.1, and 65.9±5.8, respectively. The attachment rate to fibronectin was 100.0±4.7, 96.8±3.8, 94.5±4.1, 76.5±4.3, and 61.8±4.8, respectively. The attachment rate to Matrigel was 99.9±6.6, 91.4±6.8, 85.5±7.4, 79.3±5.6, and 69.6±5.1, respectively. Besides, c9,t11-CLA could increase the level of ECD and a-catenin, and decrease the level of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in SGC-7901 cells.

CONCLUSION: c9,t11-CLA can reduce the adhesion of human gastric carcinoma cells to laminin, fibronectin and Matrigel. c9,t11-CLA can increase the level of ECD and a-catenin, and decrease the level of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in human gastric carcinoma cells.

Chen BQ, Yang YM, Wang Q, Gao YH, Liu JR, Zhang JS, Wang XL, Liu RH. Effects of c9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid on adhesion of human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901. World J Gastroenterol  2004; 10(10): 1392-1396
http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/10/1392.asp

INTRODUCTION
Although the incidence of gastric cancer is decreasing worldwide, it remains one of the most common tumors in China^[1-4] and is a major cause of cancer deaths in some countries^[5,6]. Most of gastric cancer patients die from metastasis. Although the mechanism of gastric cancer metastasis is not fully elucidated, the abnormal adhesion ability of cells has been reported to play a pivotal role. Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions are essential for establishing and maintaining normal cell morphology and function. Disturbance of cell adhesion may result in the malignant transformation of cells. Furthermore, cell adhesion molecules are important ingredients in maintaining cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix interactions. The abnormality of cell adhesion molecules closely correlates with neoplastic transformation and metastasis^[7,8]. Cell adhesion molecules mediate tumor cell-cell, tumor cell-endothelial cell and tumor cell-matrix interactions. In tumor metastasis, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions are determined by functional status of cell adhesion molecules. Glycoproteins are the cell adhesion molecules and can be classified into several classes according to their structure: cadherins, selectins, CD44, immunoglobulin family, and integrin family.
      Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a class of positional and stereoisomers of octadecadienoate (18:2) with conjugated double bonds. The predominant isomer in foods is the c9,t11-CLA isomer^[9-16]. In 1979, Pariza et al.^[17] detected mutagenic inhibitory activity in both cooked and uncooked ground beef. Then in 1985, they observed that the crude extracts could protect rats against tumors^[18]. In 1987, Ha et al.^[19] identified four isomers of CLA from cooked beef. In several animal models of chemical carcinogenesis, it has been reported that CLA was a potent cancer preventive agent. For example, CLA could inhibit skin papillomas^[18,20], forestomach neoplasia^[21-23], mammary tumors^[24-30], and colon aberrant crypt foci^[31]. Moreover, CLA was also effective in reducing the size and metastasis of transplanted human breast cancer cells and prostate cancer cells in SCID mice^[32,33]. Several studies^[34-43] suggested that CLA was cytostatic and cytotoxic to a variety of human cancer cells in vitro, including hepatoma, malignant melanoma, colorectal cancer, breast carcinoma, and gastric cancer.
       One of our previous studies showed that c9,t11-CLA could inhibit the invasion of mouse melanoma cells (B16-MB) through reducing their adhesion ability to extracellular matrix^[44]. Two other studies of ours showed that c9,t11-CLA could decrease the invasive ability of human gastric carcinoma cells (SGC-7901)^[45,46]. However, it is unclear whether CLA influences the adhesive ability of SGC-7901 cells and the expression of their adhesion molecules. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of c9,t11-CLA on the adhesive ability of SGC-7901 cells and detected the expression of E-cadherin (ECD), a-catenin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in SGC-7901 cells using adhesion and Western blot assays.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
c9,t11-CLA with 98% purity, was provided by Dr. Rui-Hai Liu at Food Science and Toxicology, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. The c9,t11-CLA was dissolved in ethanol, then diluted to the following concentrations: 25, 50, 100, and 200 mmol/L.
     To examine the expression of ECD, a-catenin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1, we used four primary antibodies: rabbit polyclonal antibody for ECD, mouse monoclonal antibody for a-catenin, and goat polyclonal antibodies for ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, respectively. These antibodies were purchased from Zhongshan Co., China.

Methods
Cell culture  Human gastric adenocarcinoma cells (SGC-7901), purchased from Cancer Research Institute of Beijing (China), were cultured in RPMI 1640 (Gibco) medium, supplemented with 100 mL/L fetal calf serum (FCS), 100×10³ U/L penicillin, 100 mg/L streptomycin and 2 mmol/L L-glutamine under 50 mL/L CO₂ in a humidified incubator. The pH was maintained at 7.2-7.4 and the temperature at 37 °C. After sub-cultured with EDTA, the SGC-7901 cells were incubated with different concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 mmol/L) of c9,t11-CLA and 1ml/L ethanol (as a negative control) for 24 h.
Cell adhesion assay  A total of 96-well plates (Nunc. Co.) were incubated at 37 °C with laminin, fibronectin or Matrigel for 1 h and then blocked with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 100 g/L BSA at the same temperature for another 1 h. After exposed to different concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 mmol/L) of c9,t11-CLA for 24 h, the SGC-7901 cells were suspended in serum-free medium at a density of 8×10⁵ cells/ml. Then, 0.1 mL of SGC-7901 cells suspension was added to each well and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. The plates were washed three times with PBS to remove unattached cells. The remaining SGC-7901 cells in 96-well plates were reacted with MTT for 4 h at 37 °C, then solved with DMSO. The absorbance of each well was measured at 570 nm with an ELX800 microplate reader (Bio-TEK Co.). Results were expressed as the percentage of total cells assuming that the adhesion of cells in control was 100%.
Protein extract and western blot  The SGC-7901 cells treated with different concentrations of c9,t11-CLA were harvested, washed twice times with PBS and lysed at 4 °C in lysis buffer containing 150 mmol/L NaCl, 1 mL/L NP-40, 5 mg/L sodium deoxycholate, 100 g/L SDS, 50 mmol Tris (pH 7.4), 1 mmol/L DTT, 0.5mmol/L Na₃VO₄, 10 mmol/L phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 10 mg/L aprotinin, and 5 mg/L leupeptin. Following the centrifugation of 10 000 g for 30 min at 4 °C, the amount of protein in the supernatant was determined using DUR 640 nucleic acid and protein analyzer. Equal amount of protein was separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane (Gibco BRL, USA) overnight. Blocked with 50 g/L defatted milk, the membrane was hybridized with rabbit anti-E-cadherin, mouse anti-a-catenin, goat anti-ICAM-1 and goat anti-VCAM-1 antibody, then incubated with horseradish peroxidase- conjugated IgG. Finally, the immunoreactive bands were detected using diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride(DAB) substrate and analyzed with a ChemiImagerTM 4000 low light imaging system (Alpha Innotech Corporation). At the same time GAPDH was used as house-keeping protein.

RESULTS
Effect of c9,t11-CLA on adhesion of SGC-7901 cells
As shown in Table 1, c9,t11-CLA could reduce the cell attachment to FN, LN or Matrigel in a dose dependent manner after SGC-7901 cells were pre-incubated for 24 h with different concentrations of c9,t11-CLA.

Table 1  Effects of c9,t11-CLA on adhesion of SGC-7901 cells (n=3)  

^aP<0.05 vs negative control, ^bP<0.01 vs negative control.

Effect of c9,t11-CLA on ECD and a-catenin in SGC-7901 cells
As shown in Figure 1, the level of ECD and a-catenin protein in SGC-7901 cells treated with different concentrations of c9,t11-CLA was increased in comparison with that in the negative control group. The level of ECD and a-catenin protein in SGC-7901 cells reated with 200 mmol/L c9,t11-CLA increased 65.9% and 80.5% respectively, compared with those in the negative control group.

Figure 1(PDF) Effect of c9,t11-CLA on ECD and a-catenin in SGC-7901 cells detected by Western blot. A: Top: The expression of ECD in SGC-7901 cells treated with different concentrations of c9,t11-CLA. Middle: The expression of a-catenin protein in SGC-7901 cells treated with different concentrations of c9,t11-CLA. I - IV are 200, 100, 50, 25 mmol/L c9,t11-CLA; V is the control group. B: the result of quantitation of ECD and a-catenin levels in SGC-7901 cells by ChemiImager^TM 4000 digital system.

Effect of c9,t11-CLA on ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in SGC-7901 cells 
As shown in Figure 2, the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 protein in SGC-7901 cells treated with different concentrations of c9,t11-CLA was decreased in comparison with that in the negative control group. Analyzed by ChemiImager 4000 digital system, the level of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 protein in SGC-7901 cells treated with 200 mmol/L c9,t11-CLA increased 70.2% and 65.4% respectively, compared with that in the negative control group.

Figure 2(PDF) Effect of c9,t11-CLA on ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in SGC-7901 cells detected by Western blot. A: Top: The expression of ICAM-1 in SGC-7901 cells treated with different concentrations of c9,t11-CLA. Middle: The expression of VCAM-1 in SGC-7901 cells treated with different concentrations of c9,t11-CLA. I -IV are 200, 100, 50, 25 mmol/L c9,t11-CLA, respectively; V is the control group. B: the result of quantitation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels in SGC-7901 cells by ChemiImager^TM 4000 digital system.

DISCUSSION
Many researches have indicated the importance of cancer cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction in tumor metastasis. Cell and matrix interactions could promote cell migration, proliferation, and ECM degradation^[47-51]. It also has been shown that prevention of tumor cell adhesion and migration is related to inhibition of tumor cell invasion into the basement membrane. Laminin (LN), fibronectin (FN) and type IV collagen are the principal components of ECM. The in vitro assays of FN, LN, or Matrigel that mainly contain FN, LN and type IV collagen can better simulate the in vivo adhesive process. It was shown that agents that inhibited cell attachment in vitro decreased the invasion and metastatic potential of tumor cells in vivo. Therefore, cell adhesion assay not only is employed in determining the adhesive interaction between tumor cells and matrix components, but also is suitable in screening agents that can inhibit adhesion and metastasis of tumor cell. We demonstrated in our current study that after incubation with 200, 100, and 50 mmol/L of c9,t11-CLA for 1 h, the attachment to extracellular matrix components of SGC-7901 cells was significantly reduced. The result was consistent with the findings in our previous study^[44]. Therefore, we could conclude that c9,t11-CLA could inhibit the attachment to extracellular matrix components of tumor cells and this process might be a mechanism for the inhibition of tumor invasion.
      Before they can invade or metastasize, tumor cells have to dissociate from primary neoplasms. A loss of cell-cell adhesive interaction is required for the detachment. Thus, adhesion molecules play an important role in metastatic process. Cadherins have been found to be a class of calcium dependent cell adhesion molecules involved in homotypic cell-cell adhesion^[7,8]. E-cadherin is a member of the cadherin family that is expressed in all epithelial cells and is essential to the maintenance of cell morphology, cell movement and cell adhesive function. Because E-cadherin can maintain cell adhesion, its abnormalities may be associated with tumorigenesis. It was proved that abnormalities of E-cadherin mRNA and E-cadherin protein expression existed in various human primary cancers, such as gastric, colon, pancreas, esophagus, liver, prostate, bladder, breast, and head and neck tumors^[52]. Recent studies showed that gene mutations or loss of heterozygous E-cadherin occurred in gastric carcinomas, ovary cancer, and cervix cancer. It was found that E-cadherin had strong expression in well-differentiated noninvasive cancers with tight cell-cell adhesion, and had markedly reduced, heterogeneous, or even no expression in undifferentiated invasive cancers with lack of cell-cell adhesion. Several studies have offered the evidence that reduction or structural alternation of E-cadherin expression plays a causal role in metastasis of gastric and colon cancers. The role of E-cadherin in metastasis and invasion was further demonstrated by the fact that the invasion of epithelial tumor cell lines was inhibited in vitro by transfection and expression of E-cadherin cDNA, and induced again by exposure to anti-E-cadherin monoclonal antibodies^[53]. Through its cytoplasmic sequence, E-cadherin was associated with a group of proteins called catenins, which are necessary for E-cadherin function^[54]. Dysfunction of catenin can cause instability of homotypic cell-cell adhesion mediated by E-cadherin. Therefore, in tumors with normal E-cadherin expression, alteration of cell adhesion may result from abnormal expression of catenins. Catenins have been classified into a-catenin, b-catenin, and g-catenin. a-catenin links E-cadherin with cytoskeleton. Expression of a-catenin is essential to the function of E-cadherin in normal cells. Thus, in cancers with normal E-cadherin expression, decreased expression of a-catenin leads to impaired cell adhesion. Downregulation of a-catenin and E-cadherin expression in several cancer tissues has been found to be associated with differentiation degree, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells^[55-57]. Our current study demonstrated that after incubation with different concentrations of c9,t11-CLA for 24 h, expression of E-cadherin and catenin in SGC-7901 cells increased. Through upregulation of expression of E-cadherin and catenin, c9,t11-CLA also increased homotypic adhesion of cancer cells.
     ICAM-1 is a 70-110 ku glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is also a ligand for leukocyte-function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). It has been reported that ICAM-1 could express on the surface of tumor cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, and mediate heterotypic cell-cell interaction^[58]. Several studies indicated that high expression of ICAM-1 in melanoma cells was associated with tumor metastasis, and expression on the surface of metastasizing cancer cells in lymph node increased significantly^[59]. It is suggested that high expression of ICAM-1 on the surface of metastasizing cancer cells in lymph node plays a role in evading immune destruction, thus helping these cancer cells retain in lymphatic sinus to form metastasis. VCAM-1 is a 90 ku cell surface glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Studies also showed that VCAM-1 in renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and malignant sarcoma linked tumor cells to endothelial cells via binding to integrin a₄b₁, and contributed to penetration into blood vessels^[60]. We demonstrated here that different concentrations of c9,t11-CLA could decrease expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in SGC-7901 cells after incubation for 24 h and also decrease heterotypic adhesion of cancer cells via downregulation of expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1.
    In conclusion, c9,t11-CLA can inhibit cell-matrix component interactions, increase expression of E-cadherin and catenin and reduce expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in SGC-7901 cells. Through these effects, c9,t11-CLA may inhibit the invasion of SGC-7901 cells.

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